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A History of Graphing Zooarchaeological Data (Taxonomic Heterogeneity, Demography and Mortality, Seasonality, Bone Survivorship, Butchering, etc.): Toward the Design of Effective and Efficient Zooarchaeology Graphs

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Abstract

Evidence gleaned from 1796 pieces of zooarchaeological literature published between 1900 and 2019, from 22 zooarchaeology textbooks published between 1956 and 2019, and 16 books on taphonomy published between 1969 and 2016 is used to assess the history of graphing in zooarchaeology. Mirroring changes in archaeology in general, the use of graphs (bar graphs, line graphs, scatterplots, etc.) to summarize analytical findings in zooarchaeology began in earnest in the 1960s. The variety of graph types expanded in the 1970s as the diversity of zooarchaeological variables documented increased in an effort to answer new questions regarding human behavioral interactions with prey animals and, in the 1980s, to address taphonomic concerns. Newly available computer technology and increased knowledge of statistics, along with the general belief that numbers are objective measures of magnitude, facilitated this expansion. The mean number of graphs per page in zooarchaeology textbooks has remained static (statistically) over the past five decades. The mean number of graphs per page in taphonomy books is a bit greater than in the zooarchaeology texts but statistically no different. The paucity of detailed discussions of what makes for a good graph in the zooarchaeology literature parallels that in the archaeology literature in general. Each graph has its own more or less unique grammar, so rules of thumb for producing effective (minimum mental gymnastics required) and efficient (minimal ink used) graphs are outlined.

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Data Availability

Data are available upon request to the author.

Notes

  1. Distinctions are often made between graphs, diagrams, and charts; all are particular kinds of images, perhaps with distinct functions involving (typically) empirical values of one or more variables. I do not disagree with those who specify the definitive attributes of each of these kinds of image, but find it easier for my purposes here to use graph as a generic term for what others categorize as graphs, diagrams, or charts. For those interested in the distinctions, there are a number of discussions on the web.

  2. The numbers in Fig. 1 are not meant to represent frequencies of cut-marked specimens or a chronological sequence of butchery steps, but instead the numbers are nominal-scale labels used in the text discussion of butchering. It is in the text where total frequency of each kind of skeletal element is presented, along with the absolute frequency of cut-marked specimens per skeletal element.

  3. They are, in fact, readily categorized as explanatory graphs, or ones that represent a model designed to facilitate interpretation (Ariga and Tashiro 2022).

  4. Although vertebrate paleontologist Björn Kurtén (e.g., 1953, 1964) is perhaps better known among paleozoologists than Voorhies for his studies of the demography of ancient mammals, so far as I have been able to determine Kurtén never published a mortality profile in the form of a bar graph. He did publish figures of age pyramids, a graph type likely more familiar to demographers than a paleozoologist’s mortality profile.

  5. This value is calculated as the number of text pages in a volume (not counting front matter, references cited, appendices, glossary, and index) divided by the number of graphs in that volume.

  6. The Fernández-Jalvo and Andrews (2016) volume is not included as it is tightly focused on presenting photographs of various kinds of bone modifications; analytical and data summary graphs are of minimal relevance. Thus, N = 15.

  7. The Beisaw (2013), Cornwall (1956), Gilbert (1973), Ryder (1968) and Schmid (1972) volumes are not included as they are tightly focused on illustrating taxonomically diagnostic skeletal attributes; analytical and data summary graphs are irrelevant. The Russell (2012) volume contains no illustrations of any kind and therefore is not included. Thus, N = 17.

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Acknowledgements

Inspiration for writing this paper was provided by Tiina Manne, Natalie Munro, and Britt Starkovich. A very grateful thanks to two anonymous reviewers who provided not only very pointed and very accurate criticisms, but extremely helpful suggestions regarding how to make things better.

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Lyman, R.L. A History of Graphing Zooarchaeological Data (Taxonomic Heterogeneity, Demography and Mortality, Seasonality, Bone Survivorship, Butchering, etc.): Toward the Design of Effective and Efficient Zooarchaeology Graphs. J Archaeol Method Theory 30, 1326–1377 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-022-09585-3

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