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Child Care Subsidies: Opportunities for Prevention of Child Maltreatment

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Abstract

Child care access shapes parental involvement in the workforce, and inherently families’ economic security. Given the well-supported relationships between family economic stress and child maltreatment, we hypothesize financially accessible child care subsidies will reduce the risk of maltreatment by reducing parental stress and improving families’ ability to provide for children’s basic needs. States’ policy components shaping financial access to child care subsidies are explored here in terms of their relationship to child maltreatment. The National Child Abuse & Neglect Data System was used to derive states’ annual rates of child maltreatment (maltreatment, abuse, neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse). These act as the dependent variable in a generalized estimator equation (GEE) series. The explanatory variables in this series are four policy component variables derived from the Child Care and Development Fund Policy Database. These include: the income eligibility level for a family with three children, whether asset tests are used to determine eligibility, whether families living in poverty are exempt from copayments, and the number of sources of public support that are counted towards a family’s income when determining their eligibility. Together, these policies serve as a state-year measure for financial accessibility of child care subsidies. The GEE models predict higher expected rates of maltreatment in states whose policies make it more difficult to qualify for child care subsidies (i.e., lower income eligibility levels, applying asset tests, lacking copay exemptions for families in poverty, and counting a greater number of public support sources towards a family’s income).

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Data Availability

The outcomes explored in this work were derived from the restricted National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS). Information regarding who is eligible to apply for this data and instructions for how to apply for this data are available here (https://www.ndacan.acf.hhs.gov/datasets/request-restricted-data.cfm). The Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) Policies Database contains detailed rules for States’ and Territories’ child care subsidy programs from October 2009–2019. The CCDF Policies Database was used to abstract explanatory policy variables use full data files page can be accessed here (https://ccdf.urban.org/full-data-files). All covariate data are publicly available.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded through the CDC/NCIPC-funded University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center (Grant R49CE003095).

Funding

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, R49CE003095, Corinne Peak-Asa

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa, 2190 Westlawn, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Hannah I. Rochford & Corinne Peek-Asa

  2. Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Room N273, Iowa City, 52242, USA

    Hannah I. Rochford

  3. Department of Psychological and Quantitative Foundations, College of Education, University of Iowa, 361 Lindquist Center, Iowa City, 52242, USA

    Kalen D. Zeiger

  4. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Room S143, Iowa City, 52242, USA

    Kalen D. Zeiger & Corinne Peek-Asa

  5. LGBTQ Counseling Clinic, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Kalen D. Zeiger

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HIR: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis writing – original draft, writing – review & editing, visualization. KDZ: investigation, formal analysis writing – original draft, writing – review & editing. CPA: funding acquisition, conceptualization, methodology, writing – original draft, writing – review & editing, supervision.

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Correspondence to Hannah I. Rochford.

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Rochford, H.I., Zeiger, K.D. & Peek-Asa, C. Child Care Subsidies: Opportunities for Prevention of Child Maltreatment. Child Adolesc Soc Work J (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-022-00887-9

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