Abstract
This study investigates the effect of ocean dynamics on the tropical climate response to localized radiative cooling over three northern extratropical land regions using hierarchical model simulations that vary in the degree of ocean coupling. Without ocean dynamics, the tropical climate response is independent of the extratropical forcing location, characterized by a southward tropical precipitation shift with a high degree of zonal symmetry, a reduced zonal sea surface temperature gradient along the equatorial Pacific, and the eastward-shifted Walker circulation. When ocean dynamical adjustments are allowed, the zonal-mean tropical precipitation shift is damped primarily via Eulerian-mean ocean heat transport. The oceanic damping effect is strongest (weakest) for North Asian (American) cooling, associated with the largest (smallest) Eulerian-mean ocean heat transport across the equatorial Pacific. The cross-equatorial ocean heat transport in the Pacific is anchored to the North Pacific subtropical high, the response of which can be inferred from the corresponding slab ocean simulations. Hence, the slab ocean simulations provide useful a priori prediction for oceanic damping efficiency. Ocean dynamics also modulates the spatial pattern of climate response in a distinct manner depending on the zonal distribution of imposed forcing. North Asian forcing induces a pronounced eastern equatorial Pacific cooling extending to the western basin, accompanying the westward shifted Walker circulation. European forcing causes cooling confined to the eastern equatorial Pacific and strengthens the Walker circulation. The tropical precipitation response in these two cases exhibits large zonal variations with a high degree of equatorial symmetry, being essentially uncorrelated with the corresponding slab ocean simulations. By contrast, North American forcing induces a sufficiently strong inter-hemispheric contrast in the tropical Pacific SST response, due to the relatively weak oceanic damping effect, producing a weaker but spatially similar tropical response to that in the slab ocean simulation. This study demonstrates that the effect of ocean dynamics in modulating the tropical climate response depends on the extratropical forcing location. The results are relevant for understanding the distinct climate response induced by aerosols from different continental sites.
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Data availability
The regional cooling experiment data in this study can be obtained at the following https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6355053.
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Funding
S.M.K., J.K., and D.K. were supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant (NRF-2020K2A9A2A06070756) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) of South Korea. S.P.X. was supported by the National Science Foundation (AGS-1934392). X.T.Z. was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41975092).
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JK, SMK, and SPX developed the idea for this study. SMK, SPX, and BX designed the model experiments. BX performed the model experiments. JK, SMK, and DK conducted the data analysis, with input and feedback from SPX, BX, XTZ, and HW. JK and SMK prepared the manuscript, with contributions from all authors.
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Kim, J., Kang, S.M., Xie, SP. et al. Large-scale climate response to regionally confined extratropical cooling: effect of ocean dynamics. Clim Dyn 60, 3291–3306 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06500-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06500-0