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Verkhoyansk–Chukotka Rifting and Late Paleozoic Ecosystems of Northeast Asia

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Abstract

The article describes the evolutionary history of the development of the sedimentary complexes of the three regions composing the Late Paleozoic basin of Northeast Asia: the Verkhoyansk–Okhotsk, Indigirka–Omolon, and New Siberian–Chukotka. The main features of their ecosedimentogenesis are determined by the processes of the Late Paleozoic destruction, which determined the replacement of the Early–Middle Paleozoic epiplatform substantially carbonate series by Late Paleozoic sulfide-bearing black shale complexes of rift-related basins. A strong correlation between the change of different-type ecosystems and the corresponding tectonic rearrangements was established. The current ideas on the dependence of the Late Paleozoic biogeographic differentiation on climatic conditions are critically reviewed. It is shown that the uniqueness of Late Paleozoic rift-related ecosystems, previously considered as high-latitude and cold-water, is actually related to their bacterial lithotrophic basis in contrast to the phototrophic basis of assemblages of epiplatform basins. According to the literature and the author’s data, analogs of the studied ecosystems in Late Paleozoic basins of Gondwana—Patagonia, New Zealand, Australia—were established. The features of the Late Paleozoic biogeography are considered as a consequence of the activation of the global tectonic regime. It is assumed that the latter resulted in a significant expansion of the area of deep-water systems, accompanied by intense removal of deep material, primarily methane and hydrogen sulfide, which determined the energy basis of the developing ecosystems.

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Notes

  1. B (bubnov)—unit of the rate of sedimentological processes, the value of which is 1 m/106 yr (Lisitsyn, 1984).

  2. B.S. Abramov, who distinguished the Kuranakh Formation, suggested its age range as Tournaisian–early Visean. Gur’ev and Ganelin (1994) revised its stratigraphic volume and age.

  3. Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy as a result of redox reactions, in which they oxidize energy-rich chemical compounds, both inorganic (for example, molecular hydrogen, and sulfur) and organic (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, paraffins, and simpler organic compounds), unlike phototrophs, which have the ability to use light energy. Chemosynthesis is a method of autotrophic nutrition, in which the oxidation reactions of inorganic compounds serve as a source of energy for the synthesis of organic substances from CO2. This variant for obtaining energy is used only by bacteria or archaea. This phenomenon was discovered in 1887 by the Russian scientist S.N. Vinogradsky (Wikipedia).

  4. Lithotrophic ecosystems are a group of lithotrophs, organisms with lithotrophic nutrition. Lithotrophs (from the Greek “lithos” (rock) and “troph” (consumer) are organisms which use an inorganic substrate as donors of electrons, necessary for biosynthesis (including carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production), via aerobic or anaerobic respiration (Wikipedia).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues M.L. Gelman (NEISRI FEB RAS, Magadan) and M.K. Kos’ko (Sevmorgeo, St. Petersburg), who have already passed away. They took part with great interest in the discussion of the questions raised in the article. I would like to express deep gratitude to my friends and colleagues, A.S. Biakov, I.L. Vedernikov, Yu.I. Ivanov, N.I. Karavaeva, E.V. Kolesov, and T.V. Filimonova, who took part in field research and contributed in many ways to the success of joint expeditions. It is necessary to express my great gratitude to N.V. Gorkova for the painstaking assistance in SEM studies. I should note the important contribution of our foreign colleagues Bruce Waterhouse (New Zealand) and Arturo Taboado (Argentina), who introduced me to some Upper Paleozoic sections of Gondwana. Finally, I am grateful to my reviewers G.A. Belenitskaya and R.V. Kutugin for careful reading of the manuscript and making corrections. In addition, I am grateful to the members of the editorial board of the journal, first of all, N.V. Sennikov, for the proposed amendments to the work, which turned out to be very useful.

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This work was performed with the framework of a State Assignment of the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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    V. G. Ganelin

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Translated by D. Voroshchuk

Reviewers G.A. Belenitskaya, R.V. Kutygin, and N.V. Sennikov

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Ganelin, V.G. Verkhoyansk–Chukotka Rifting and Late Paleozoic Ecosystems of Northeast Asia. Stratigr. Geol. Correl. 30, 293–333 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593822050033

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