Reducing embodied carbon in concrete materials: A state-of-the-art review
Introduction
The Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has confirmed the need to reduce GHG emissions by 45% by 2030 compared to 2010 and achieve a 100% reduction by 2050. International cooperation should be further enhanced to reach such goals (Chen et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021). Compared with other sectors, the construction industry plays a critical role in response to the climate emergency as it accounts for 39% of energy-related emissions globally, especially for China, the largest developing country (Chen et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2019). As the staple of the construction industry, 30 billion tonnes of concrete are utilized annually worldwide and the concrete consumption is rising even more rapidly than that of steel or wood (Monteiro et al., 2017). In addition, the concrete possesses a colossal carbon footprint amongst all construction materials as at least 8% of global carbon emissions solely come from the cement for concrete production (Ellis et al., 2020).
The two types of carbon emissions generated during construction are embodied carbon (EC), which is generated from upstream material production, transportation, and construction, as well as downstream maintenance and demolition, and operational carbon (OC), i.e., the carbon induced by energy consumption during the operation stage (Ibn-Mohammed et al., 2013). Despite the fact that OC is currently the primary sector in buildings’ life cycle carbon emissions (LCCa) due to their long serving periods, the EC accounts for a steeply increasing proportion of the overall building's LCCa (Akbarnezhad and Xiao, 2017; Hammond et al., 2011; Pan and Teng, 2021). It is expected that EC would account for 50% of new construction projects’ overall LCCa by 2050 (Pan et al., 2017; UNFCCC, 2015). On the other hand, EC is emitted within a shorter period, leading to more intensive annual impacts than OC (Sandanayake et al., 2017). Given the increasing demand of concrete and its colossal carbon footprint, the calculations and reduction of EC induced by concretes’ production and utilization are creating significant concerns in the pursuit of a greener construction industry.
The selection of concrete materials has a considerable impact on the overall EC (Cabeza et al., 2021; Venkatarama Reddy, 2009). Previous studies have investigated the classifications, production, mechanical performances, composition, and also the sustainability of low carbon concrete materials - LCCMs (Akbarnezhad and Xiao, 2017; Cabeza et al., 2013; Orsini and Marrone, 2019). For example, Orsini and Marrone (2019) concluded eight approaches for reducing greenhouse gasses emissions (GHG). However, they did not specify the calculation level of the GHG reduction potentials of each approach. Neither inter-approach comparisons were made. Akbarnezhad and Xiao (2017) divided identified embodied carbon reduction strategies into six categories and reported some of the carbon reduction potentials from literatures. However, these reduction potentials could not be compared effectively as they were measured in different units. Cabeza et al. (2013) summarized recent progress in reducing carbon emission of common construction materials. Nevertheless, they did not categorize the identified materials, nor compare the carbon reduction potential between materials. Therefore, there is still a lack of systematic investigation into the EC reduction potential of different types of LCCMs. In addition, the carbon reduction potentials of the different LCCMs were usually calculated at different scales (e.g., specific amounts or proportions) in different studies.
This paper aims to achieve a better understanding of LCCMs’ EC reduction potentials through a systematic literature review and in-depth analyses. The system boundary theory is adopted to guide the theoretical examination of the review process (Pan et al., 2018; Pan and Teng, 2021; Teng et al., 2018). The EC reduction potentials of different LCCMs are collected and adjusted into percentage proportions to achieve a more reliable and valid comparison. The EC reduction potentials are further divided and compared in two different levels according to their geographic scopes, namely, the cement & concrete (C&C) level and the components & building (C&B) level. To fulfill these objectives, this paper first explores the latest scientific papers on LCCMs. Section 2 presents the methodology for the review. Section 3 reports the in-depth content analysis, as well as the results of the review. Section 4 discusses the findings and identified research gaps. Lastly, Section 5 draws the conclusions.
Section snippets
Literature searching and filtering procedures
This paper adopts a rigorous literature searching and filtering method (see Fig. 1) to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of collecting information from relevant research.
The “Web of Science” and “Scopus” are utilized as the searching databases in this review. The searching domain is determined as “construction,” “concrete,” “carbon,” and “reduction” within the “title,” “abstract,” and “keywords” in “Scopes” and within the “All fields” in “Web of Science.” The categories are set as
Results and analyses
Following the three-dimensional theoretical framework, an in-depth content analysis is conducted by reviewing the 65 papers. The 9 variables of system boundaries of the LCCMs are thoroughly collected and analyzed. After then, the EC reduction of the cases in these 65 papers are adjusted so that they can be compared effectively at the same level. The appended Table 5 provides details of the 65 papers.
Discussion
This paper has conducted a systematic investigation into the EC reduction potentials of different LCCMs. The obtained primary results and identified major research gaps are discussed below.
Firstly, research pertaining to EC reductions on concrete materials is gaining popularity in academia. This can be revealed from the fact that over 80% of the papers are identified following the year 2015. Apart from the discussed LCCMs in this review, novel types of SCMs, e.g., vegetable ashes and quarry
Conclusions
This paper has identified and reviewed the potentials of using LCCMs for EC reduction by collecting information of 128 cases from 65 carefully-selected papers published between 2001 and 2022. A three-dimensional theoretical framework of buildings’ LCCMs is developed to guide the critical review in the concept, methodology and value dimensions. The main findings and conclusions of this paper are provided below.
Firstly, the LCCMs research discipline has been receiving profuse attention from
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Siwei Chen: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Validation, Investigation. Yue Teng: Methodology, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Validation, Investigation. Yang Zhang: Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Validation. Christopher K.Y. Leung: Writing – review & editing. Wei Pan: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The work presented in this paper was supported by the Collaborative Research Fund (Project No. C7047–20GF) and the General Research Fund (Project No. 17201120) of the Hong Kong Research Grants Council.
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