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Biorefinery approach for the management of fruit and vegetable waste generated in hotels: study case in India

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Abstract

This work examines the biorefining potential of mixed fruit and vegetable waste generated in hotels targeting recovery of high-value bioactive phytochemicals, biogas, and soil amender. Through a primary survey of 15 number of star-category hotels in the National Capital Region (NCR) in India, the organic waste management options being practiced were compiled. Phytochemicals recovery from the mixed fruit and vegetable waste was done employing a previously optimized solvent extraction process; this was followed by anaerobic digestion (AD) of the solid residue. Three different waste samples were tested for AD viz. without phytochemicals removal (NT), phytochemicals removal without dichloromethane (DCM) treatment (T-1), and phytochemicals removal with DCM treatment (T-2). The survey indicated that organic waste management practices in NCR hotels are variable covering a broad range—from complete in-house handling of the waste to disposal of the entire amount to urban local bodies. Removal of bioactive phytochemicals from mixed fruit and vegetable waste enhanced the AD process with shorter time lag in gas generation and increased production of biogas with higher methane (CH4) content. The biomethanation potential (L/g VS) and CH4 content (%) were, respectively, 0.198 ± 0.06 and 41 ± 3 (NT), 0.275 ± 0.36 and 57 ± 3 (T-1), and 0.303 ± 0.39 and 62 ± 3 (T-2); thus, the best AD performance was obtained with sample T-2. A combination of phytochemicals removal followed by AD is thus an alternative, biorefinery-based concept for managing mixed fruit and vegetable waste from hotels. The proposed process would involve a combination of physico-mechanical (shredding, drying), physico-chemical (solvent extraction, ultrasonication, centrifugation, filtration, vacuum distillation), and biochemical (AD) steps. Besides the option of upcycling the anaerobic digestion streams (CH4, CO2 and nutrients) in a bioeconomy approach, this scheme enables the recovery of high-value phytochemicals. A preliminary resource recovery estimate (per year per hotel) for sample T-2 is as follows: phytochemicals 6.2 metric tons (MT), biogas 890 m3, and digestate 78 MT. Overall, this study is expected to contribute towards efforts in the eventual transition to a sustainable biobased circular economy.

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Data availability

The authors declare that all the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article (and its supplementary files).

Abbreviations

AD :

Anaerobic digestion

ANOVA :

Analysis of variance

BMP :

Biomethanation potential

C/N :

Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio

CBG :

Compressed biogas

CNG :

Compressed natural gas

COD :

Chemical oxygen demand

DCM :

Dichloromethane

EIA :

Environmental impact assessment

GHGs :

Greenhouse gases

LCA :

Life cycle assessment

LPG :

Liquefied petroleum gas

MT :

Metric tons

NCR :

National Capital Region

NT :

No treatment

OWC :

Organic waste converter

RP-HPLC :

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

T-1 :

Treatment 1

T-2 :

Treatment 2

TPD :

Tonnes per day

TS :

Total solids

UAE :

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction

ULBs :

Urban local bodies

VFA :

Volatile fatty acid

VS :

Volatile solids

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank all participants from the NCR hotels for their valuable contribution in the collection of survey data for this study. The authors are grateful to the support extended by Dr. Meeta Lavania, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India, for the AD study. The authors want to thank Mr. Ravi Karan Singh and Mr. Prakash Chandra Singh Bisht for their continuous support in smooth conduction of laboratory work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Energy and Environment, TERI School of Advanced Studies, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India

    Varsha Srivastava

  2. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India

    Malini Balakrishnan

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  1. Varsha Srivastava
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  2. Malini Balakrishnan
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Contributions

Varsha Srivastava and Malini Balakrishnan contributed to the study conceptualization and design. Experimental work, data collection, and analysis were performed by Varsha Srivastava, who also prepared the first draft of the manuscript. Malini Balakrishnan provided the resources for conducting this work and contributed to overall supervision, manuscript review, and editing.

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Correspondence to Varsha Srivastava.

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Srivastava, V., Balakrishnan, M. Biorefinery approach for the management of fruit and vegetable waste generated in hotels: study case in India. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 14821–14835 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03291-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03291-6

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