Abstract
This study examines how technological entrepreneurship affects national innovativeness based on the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship. It also examines how technological environments related to intellectual property protection and R&D transfer moderate this relationship. Based on data from 82 countries on technological entrepreneurship, intellectual property protection and innovation activities, this study finds that a higher ratio of technological entrepreneurship in the country enhances national innovativeness. In addition, the level of R&D transfer environment is found to negatively moderate this relationship, and evidence is found for a negative moderating effect of the strength of the intellectual property protection environment in a subsample of innovation-driven economies.
Appendix 1: Countries in the sample
Country | Knowledge & technology outputs (Avr. of 2011–16) | Country | Knowledge & technology outputs (Avr. of 2011–16) |
---|---|---|---|
Algeria | 14.53 | Kazakhstan | 22.63 |
Angola | 23.07 | Korea | 53.96 |
Argentina | 23.13 | Kosovo | 54.1 |
Australia | 35.18 | Latvia | 31.07 |
Austria | 41.23 | Libya | 32.1 |
Bangladesh | 28.2 | Lithuania | 28.5 |
Barbados | 31.98 | Luxembourg | 44.08 |
Belgium | 43.28 | Macedonia | 28.25 |
Bolivia | 21.4 | Malawi | 24.05 |
Bosnia | 25.53 | Malaysia | 35.37 |
Botswana | 21.02 | Mexico | 23.67 |
Brazil | 26.57 | Netherlands | 53.48 |
Canada | 42.73 | Nigeria | 15.83 |
Chile | 26.03 | Norway | 38.98 |
China | 57.7 | Pakistan | 17.8 |
Colombia | 21.98 | Panama | 15.73 |
Costa Rica | 30.4 | Peru | 18.32 |
Croatia | 30.92 | Philippines | 27.6 |
Czech Republic | 37.25 | Poland | 28.73 |
Denmark | 49.05 | Portugal | 30.9 |
Ecuador | 15.96 | Qatar | 20.2 |
El Salvador | 14.6 | Romania | 35.93 |
Estonia | 42.52 | Russia | 34.83 |
Ethiopia | 13.6 | Singapore | 52.25 |
Finland | 55.07 | Slovakia | 32.83 |
France | 43.28 | Slovenia | 37.43 |
Georgia | 28.4 | South Africa | 26.08 |
Germany | 51.98 | Spain | 37.7 |
Ghana | 25.75 | Suriname | 29.1 |
Greece | 25.2 | Sweden | 61.22 |
Guatemala | 18.84 | Switzerland | 65.97 |
Hungary | 43.05 | Thailand | 29.72 |
India | 32.36 | Trinidad&Tobago | 22.3 |
Indonesia | 22.85 | Tunisia | 26.7 |
Iran | 26.67 | Turkey | 25.7 |
Ireland | 55.75 | Uganda | 21.27 |
Israel | 56.6 | United Kingdom | 53.75 |
Italy | 40.5 | Uruguay | 22.83 |
Jamaica | 16.06 | USA | 56.46 |
Japan | 49.45 | VietNam | 33.73 |
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