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Eur J Pediatr Surg 2023; 33(01): 011-016
DOI: 10.1055/a-1905-4808
Original Article

Seasonal Variation of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Review of the Literature and Database Report from the United States and Canada

Fabian Doktor
1   Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2   Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,
Lina Antounians
1   Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2   Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,
Jason Miller
3   CDH Patient Registry, CDH International, Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States
,
Maria Harb
3   CDH Patient Registry, CDH International, Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States
,
Tracy Meats
3   CDH Patient Registry, CDH International, Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States
,
Rachel Bercovitch
1   Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2   Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,
Dawn Ireland 
3   CDH Patient Registry, CDH International, Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States
,
Augusto Zani
1   Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2   Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4   Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
› Author Affiliations Funding This study was funded by the SickKids Foundation, CDH Fund: R00DH00000.
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Abstract

Introduction The etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains unknown and only 10 to 30% of patients have a genetic cause. Seasonal variation is known to contribute to the development of some congenital anomalies. Our aim was to investigate whether CDH births have seasonal variation.

Materials and Methods A literature review was conducted for CDH and seasonality. Moreover, data from the CDH International Patient Registry Database were collected for infants with due dates between 2008 and 2014. Due dates were used to determine seasonal distribution of births. Birth rates per month in the United States and Canada were extracted from publicly available databases. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and contingency tables.

Results First, the literature review revealed 11 articles, of which 3 were eligible for inclusion. These studies reported conflicting results on seasonality of CDH. Second, we extracted due dates from the CDH International Patient Registry Database (1,259 patients) and found that there were fewer due dates in winter months (12.1 ± 4 patients/month) than in summer (16.7 ± 6 patients/month; p = 0.011) and fall months (16.3 ± 5 patients/month; p = 0.022). Although this trend was similar to that of all births in the United States and Canada, a lower incidence was observed in winter for CDH infants (20.2%) than for the general population (24.1%, p = 0.0012). CDH survival rate did not vary by season.

Conclusion This study provides evidence for a seasonal variation of CDH births. No causative link was established between CDH development and seasonality. Population-based studies with a focus on exposome data are needed to explain seasonal variation in CDH.

Keywords

congenital diaphragmatic hernia - seasonality - survival - viral infection


Publication History

Received: 03 June 2022

Accepted: 18 July 2022

Accepted Manuscript online:
20 July 2022

Article published online:
26 December 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

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