Takayuki Hanazato (1957–2021) in memoriam

Takayuki Hanazato, a professor at Shinshu University in Japan, passed away on November 17, 2021, aged 64 years (Fig. 1). He was a distinguished scholar in the fields of limnology and ecotoxicology, focusing on zooplankton ecology.

Fig. 1

At the cherry blossom viewing party at Takashima Park (Suwa City) in April 2004

He began his research career at the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, after graduating from the Faculty of Science, Chiba University, in 1980. Since joining the institute as a researcher, he was engaged in research on material cycle, eutrophication, and the effects of toxic pollutants, focusing primarily on the ecosystem of Lake Kasumigaura. Lake Kasumigaura is the second largest lake in Japan and, along with Lake Biwa, has been most actively investigated for limnology and aquatic ecology. The lake used to be a shallow brackish lake connected to the sea, but it was desalinated since 1963 when a sluice gate was completed to control flooding and prevent salt damage. Since the 1970s, the lake was seriously eutrophicated and massive water bloom frequently occurred, and studies on limnology were concentrated on the ecosystem of Lake Kasumigaura.

After joining the institute, Dr. Hanazato participated in the regular survey of Lake Kasumigaura, where he was in charge of collecting and identifying zooplankton, with analysis of zooplankton community dynamics in the lake being his major research topic. Data collected from Lake Kasumigaura are currently compiled as an open database at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (https://db.cger.nies.go.jp/gem/inter/GEMS/database/kasumi/index.html). The results of Dr. Hanazato’s field studies particularly regarding zooplankton community of the lake are included in this database, providing valuable information for investigating long-term changes in plankton communities in lake ecosystems.

He and his colleagues at the National Institute for Environmental Studies have also conducted excellent research through mesocosm experiments using isolated enclosure systems at field and outdoor concrete tanks. On the basis of his extensive experience in the field works at Lake Kasumigaura, he conducted several experiments to identify environmental factors affecting zooplankton community dynamics using the experimental systems in which plankton communities are artificially colonized. Through his experiments, he established his hypotheses concerning the importance of the combination of invertebrate and vertebrate predators as well as their densities on both species and size compositions of the zooplankton community. He also experimentally demonstrated that the change in food quality due to cyanobacteria decomposition is related to the reciprocal succession of related species of Bosmina, whose dominance changes with the occurrence of cyanobacterial bloom, and found that decomposed cells of Microcystis aeruginosa can be selectively used by zooplankton in Lake Kasumigaura. He analyzed the community dynamics of zooplankton using various experimental approaches from a population level in beakers to a community level in outdoor concrete tanks, focusing on top–down and bottom–up interactions between organisms in Lake Kasumigaura.

Dr. Hanazato received his PhD degree from Tokyo Metropolitan University in 1987, while continuing his research at the National Institute for Environmental Studies. Encouraged by Dr. Masayuki Yasuno, the head of his research team, he started ecotoxicological studies and produced several excellent research results. His experience in aquatic ecology, particularly in mesocosm experiments, has led to ecotoxicological approaches investigating the direct and indirect effects of chemicals on the plankton community, and has also resulted in several meaningful findings concerning the impact of chemicals on the disturbance of chemical communication among aquatic organisms.

The effect of chemicals, particularly of pesticides, on lake ecosystems was one of Dr. Hanazato’s major research topics. His first publication in the field of ecotoxicology was the effect of the insecticide carbaryl on plankton community structure. Based on the results of mesocosm experiments conducted using outdoor concrete tanks, he revealed the direct toxic effects of carbaryl on different species in terms of their sensitivity and indirect effects through modification of predator–prey and competitive interactions. He published several papers on the effects of various pesticides on plankton communities using mesocosms, isolated enclosures, and experimental ponds.

In recent years, there has been an increasing need to evaluate toxicological effects in experiments at the community level, such as mesocosm experiments. Accordingly, the results of the community-level experiments presented by Dr. Hanazato are still providing meaningful suggestions for the development and application of community-based ecotoxicological research and assessment.

In the late 1980s, Dr. Hanazato started studies on the interactions between organisms via infochemicals (chemical communication) in parallel with community-level assessment of the impact of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems. His significant achievement at that time was the discovery of the phenomenon that morphological changes in Daphnia, originally a defense mechanism against predators, are induced by exposure to insecticides (carbamates and organophosphates). The morphological changes in Daphnia are induced by infochemicals (kairomones) released particularly by their invertebrate predator, Chaoborus larvae. The fact that zooplankton morphological changes are induced by insecticides implies that insecticides disrupt the predator–prey relationship in aquatic ecosystems. After his finding, similar phenomena were reported for various chemical and biological taxa, and today it is known as infodisruption. With this discovery, he began receiving attention in the field of ecotoxicology.

In 1991, he moved to the U.S. as an overseas researcher and conducted further research there for 2 years. During that time, he collaborated with Dr. Stanley I. Dodson and Dr. Karl E. Havens, both prominent limnologists, who, unfortunately, are deceased. His research in the U.S. focused not only on chemical communication between Daphnia and its predators but also on the relative importance of anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic environmental stressors to it.

In particular, he and Dr. Dodson produced significant results on morphological changes in Daphnia, sharing the common research topics on which they were each primarily working. They found that insecticides even at low concentrations, which did not exert detectable effect on survival or reproduction of Daphnia, induced its defense forms when exposed simultaneously to naturally occurring predator chemicals (kairomones). This was the first study to suggest that insecticides used in agricultural fields, even at low concentrations that are not physiologically harmful to aquatic organisms when they enter water bodies, can affect ecosystems through disturbance of biological interactions.

Dr. Hanazato was invited as a professor to the Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, in 1996. He worked as a director of the Suwa Hydrobiological Station, a research institute of the university. The major research field of the institute was Lake Suwa, which has been selected and investigated as a representative of shallow eutrophicated lakes in the Plankton Ecology Group (PEG) model.

After the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, Lake Suwa experienced rapid eutrophication and underwent outbreaks of blue–green algae and chironomid midge. Regular surveys of water quality and biological communities were initiated at Shinshu University in 1977 under the leadership of the former Director Tokio Okino. Following Lake Kasumigaura, Dr. Hanazato took over the regular survey of Lake Suwa, where eutrophication was regarded as a social issue. From this time on, he began focusing not only on research activities but also on social activities contributing to the local community through the application of limnology to lake water quality improvement.

He had actively participated in public–private–academic consortia to improve the water quality of Lake Suwa and continued his efforts to share his knowledge and ideas about the water environment through local government committees and councils, as well as through regular lectures and a variety of local events. He also served as a member of several councils of the Ministry of the Environment.

Dr. Hanazato was the first to introduce biomanipulation in Japan to improve the water quality of a lake experiencing the blue–green algae phenomenon due to eutrophication. The biomanipulation was implemented as a result of in-depth discussions and consensus building with local organizations and administrative agencies in response to requests for water quality purification at Lake Shirakaba (Fig. 2). Dr. Hanazato conducted preliminary experiments to evaluate the efficiency and potential risks of applying biomanipulation using enclosures set up at the lake beginning in 1997, and in 2000, he conducted the first biomanipulation in Japan, which reduced the abundance of planktivorous fish and restored the Daphnia community in the lake. The water clarity of Lake Shirakaba was improved significantly due to biomanipulation. There are numerous examples of biomanipulation in Europe and North America, but Dr. Hanazato’s application of biomanipulation at Lake Shirakaba is the only example in Japan.

Fig. 2

Dr. Takayuki Hanazato during field survey at Lake Shirakaba

As a professor, his teaching policy was to “create an atmosphere in which students could engage in investigations and experiments at their own pace” and provide constructive opinions and advice to students. Dr. Hanazato always encouraged students through constructive comments and discussion. For students, he always attempted to identify positive viewpoints from their results rather than pointing out unsatisfactory results. Under his kind guidance, students freely set up their own interesting hypothesis and developed their own studies. Currently, they are following Dr. Hanazato’s research philosophy at universities, national research institutes, and company laboratories.

During his tenure at Shinshu University, Dr. Hanazato wrote several books for the general public on Lake Suwa, zooplankton, particularly Daphnia, and ecosystems. Through his books on Lake Suwa, he explains how the ecosystem alters due to eutrophication and how it reacts after water quality improvement, so that the general public can better understand not only water quality but also how the aquatic ecosystem works. Dr. Hanazato also introduced the ecology of Daphnia, which is unfamiliar to the general public, with his signature illustrations and sense of humor. Through his books, he simply but emphatically appeals to people regarding mechanisms for ecosystem alteration caused by human-induced environmental changes, telling what he obtained through his research experiences.

Dr. Hanazato was a forward-looking person who was passionate about research. Additionally, he was an all–around sportsman and an outstanding singer. He enjoyed chorus singing and was a tenor in the Suwa area choir and enjoyed singing in the choir’s concerts at city festival events. Another of his hobbies and specialties was drawing cartoon characters. Like his personality, the characters he drew were friendly and had a great sense of humor. His cartoon characters played a role in leading people to the fascination of ecology in relation to environmental issues in the book he wrote, “Dr. Daphnia’s Water Environment Seminar.” “Dr. Daphnia” was a gentle and pleasant person who enjoyed communicating with people. His “Hanazato Talk Show,” an annual community environmental event, was always a great success. With his characteristic smile, he enthusiastically talked about the water quality of Lake Suwa, Daphnia, etc., while imitating the swimming gesture of Daphnia, the “Daphnia dance”.

Today, the water quality in Lake Suwa has been improving, and Daphnia galeata, which formerly disappeared because of eutrophication, has being restored. However, unfortunately, Dr. Hanazato was unable to see D. galeata as he was battling a disease. Whenever we—the authors of this obituary—conduct research and discuss on the zooplankton community of Lake Suwa, we imagine what Dr. Hanazato would have done for the restoration of D. galeata in Lake Suwa if he had been in good health and how happy he would have been.

Dr. Hanazato will remain in everyone’s memory as “a great researcher with eyes as bright as a boy’s, passionately talking about the fun of research on zooplankton and lake ecosystems.”

Brief biography (based on the Japanese fiscal year)

1980–1990 Researcher, Division of Environmental Biology, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

1990–1995 Senior Researcher, Regional Environment Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

1995–2000 Professor (Director), Suwa Hydrobiological Station, Shinshu University, Japan

2001–2005 Professor (Director), Research and Education Center for Inlandwater Environment, Shinshu University, Japan

2006–2013 Professor, Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Japan

2014–2015 Professor, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Japan

2015–2021 Professor, Institute of Science, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Japan

Publications

• 1 Oh HJ, Oda Y, Ha JY, Nagata T, Hanazato T, Miyabara Y, Sakamoto M, Chang KH (2019) Responses of daphnids and other zooplankton populations to massive fish kill in Lake Suwa. Ecol Res 34:856–863

• 2 Oda Y, Sato K, Hanazato T, Chang KH, Sakamoto M (2019) Enhanced sensitivity to an insecticide carbaryl in Daphnia magna mediated by fish kairomone. Limnology 20:137–141

• 3 Sakamoto M, Nagata T, Hanazato T, Miyabara Y, Ha JY, Park HD, Toda H, Oh HJ, Oda Y, Chang KH (2018) Long-term zooplankton community records (1996–2017) for Lake Suwa (Japan). Ecol Res 33:1

• 4 Hirabayashi K, Miyabara Y, Hanazato T, Kondo N, Ueno R, Takamura K (2017) Horizontal distribution of chironomid larvae and genetic structure of Chironomus plumosus population offshore in Lake Suwa, Central Japan (in Japanese). Jpn J Limnol 78:3–11

• 5 Nagata T, Hanazato H (2017) Combined impacts of algal density and copepod predation on the community of small-sized zooplankton. Jpn J Water Biol 53:119–128

• 6 Takamura N, Nakagawa M, Hanazato T (2017) Zooplankton abundance in the pelagic region of Lake Kasumigaura (Japan): monthly data since 1980. Ecol Res 32:1–1

• 7 Yanagimachi H, Miyabara Y, Yamamoto M, Hanazato (2016) Horizontal and vertical water quality distribution in Lake Suwa in the summer of 2015 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 38:49–63

• 8 Yanagimachi H, Miyabara Y, Yamamoto M, Hanazato (2015) Horizontal and vertical water quality distribution in Lake Suwa in the summer of 2014 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 37:53–66

• 9 Yanagimachi H, Miyabara Y, Yamamoto M, Hanazato (2014) Horizontal and vertical water quality distribution in Lake Suwa in the summer of 2013 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 36:54–73

• 10 Ha JY, Hanazato T, Chang KH, Jeong KS, Kim DK (2015) Assessment of the lake biomanipulation mediated by piscivorous rainbow trout and herbivorous daphnids using self-organizing map: a case study in Lake Shirakaba, Japan. Ecol Inform 29:182–191

• 11 Sakamoto M, Nagata T, Ha JY, Kimijima S, Hanazato T, Chang KH (2014) Inducible defenses as factor determining trophic pathways in a food web. Hydrobiologia 743:15–25

• 12 Yanagimachi H, Hanazato T, Miyabara Y, Yamamoto M (2013) Horizontal and vertical water quality distribution in Lake Suwa in the summer of 2012 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 35:46–64

• 13 Ha JY, Saneyoshi M, Park HD, Toda H, Kitano S, Homma T, Shiina T, Moriyama Y, Chang KH, Hanazato T (2013) Lake restoration by biomanipulation using piscivore and Daphnia stocking; results of a biomanipulation in Japan. Limnology 14:19–30

• 14 Hanazato T (2011) Water purification of a lake by biomanipulation: trial and results at Lake Shirakaba (in Japanese). EICA 16:1

• 15 Yanagimachi H, Hanazato T, Miyabara Y, Yamamoto M (2011) Horizontal and vertical water quality distribution in Lake Suwa in the summer of 2010 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 33:46–63

• 16 Hanazato T, Nagata T (2011) Impact of global warming on the organic communities in lakes (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Water Policy Integr River Basin Manag 10:9–12

• 17 Nagata T, Sakamoto M, Tanaka Y, Hanazato T (2011) Egg viability of the rotifer Brachionus urceolaris after ingestion by the predatory cladoceran Leptodora kindtii. Hydrobiologia 665:263–266

• 18 Ibe K, Nagata T, Hanazato T (2011) Experimental analysis of predation impact by the larvae of pond smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus nipponensis) on zooplankton populations established in mesocosms. Limnology 12:169–174

• 19 Chang, KH, Sakamoto M, Ha JY, Miyabara Y, Nakano S, Doi H, Hanazato T (2011) Response of plankton community in eutrophicated system to herbicide application (triazine herbicide, simetryn): short-term exposure experiment using microcosms. Limnology 12:11–16

• 20 Nakamura K, Honma T, Miyabara Y, Hanazato T, Park HD (2010) Effects of retention time on biomass and species composition of blue-green algae in Lake Suwa (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Water Environ 33:123–129

• 21 Ha JY, Hanazato T (2009) Role of interference from Daphnia and predation by cyclopoid copepods in zooplankton community structure: experimental analysis using mesocosms. Plankton Benthos Res 4:147–153

• 22 Hanazato T (2009) Ecosystem changes in Lake Suwa and their relation to human communities (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Water Environ 32:28–29

• 23 Hanazato T, Nagata T, Sakuma M, Park HD, Hirabayashi K, Takei K (2009) Changes in ecosystem structure associated with the restoration of water quality in the shallow eutrophic Lake Suwa, Japan. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 30:1085–1087

• 24 Sakamoto M, Hanazato T, Tanaka Y (2009) Impact of an insecticide on persistence of inherent anti-predator morphology of a small cladoceran Bosmina. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57:68–76

• 25 Sakamoto M, Hanazato T (2009) Proximate factors controlling the morphologic plasticity of Bosmina: linking artificial laboratory treatments and natural conditions. Hydrobiologia 617:171–179

• 26 Chang KH, Sakamoto M, Ha JY, Murakami T, Miyabara Y, Nakano S, Imai H, Doi H, Hanazato T (2008) Comparative study of pesticide effects (herbicide and fungicide) on zooplankton community. In: Murakami Y, Nakayama K, Kitamura S, Iwata H, Tanabe S (eds) Biological responses to chemical pollutants-interdisciplinary studies on environmental chemistry. Terra Scientific Publishing Company, Tokyo, pp 361–366

• 27 Oda S, Hanazato T (2008) Diel vertical migration patterns in two populations of Chaoborus flavicans larvae (Diptera: Chaoboridae) in response to fish kairomones. J Limnol 67:93–99

• 28 Sakamoto M, Hanazato T (2008) Antennule shape and body size of Bosmina: key factors determining its vulnerability to predacious Copepoda. Limnology 9:27–34

• 29 Chang KH, Nagata T, Sakamoto M, Hanazato T (2008) Day and night vertical distribution of rotiferan and crustacean zooplankton in Lake Suwa, Japan. J Freshwat Ecol 23:165–168

• 30 Hanazato T, Park HD (2008) Long-term changes in cyanobacterial community and ecosystem structure in Lake Suwa (in Japanese). Bull Plankton Soc Jpn 55:48–51

• 31 Oda S, Hanazato T, Fujii K (2007) Change in phenotypic plasticity of a morphological defense in Daphnia galeata (Crustacea: Cladocera) in a selection experiment. J Limnol 66:142–152

• 32 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2007) Ecological role of predacious cladoceran Leptodora kindtii in a lake food web: a review (in Japanese). Bull Plankton Soc Jpn 54:99–110

• 33 Sakamoto M, Chang KH, Hanazato T (2007) Plastic phenotypes of antennule shape in Bosmina longirostris controlled by the physical stimuli from predators. Limnol Oceanogr 52:2072–2078

• 34 Hanazato T (2007) Population and community level impacts on freshwater Cladocerans (in Japanese). Jpn J Environ Toxicol 9:43–50

• 35 Takahashi H, Chang KH, Hanazato T (2007) Acute toxicity of the insecticide diazinon and carbaryl to calanoid and cyclopoid Copepoda (Eodiaptomus, Mesocyclops and Thermocyclops) in different life stages. Jpn J Environ Toxicol 9:133–139

• 36 Takahashi H, Hanazato T (2007) Synergistic effects of food shortage and an insecticide on Daphnia population: rapid decline of food density at the peak of population density reduces the animal’s tolerance to the chemical and induces a large population crash. Limnology 8:45–51

• 37 Yanagimachi H, Hanazato T, Miyabara Y, Yamamoto M (2007) Horizontal and vertical water quality distribution in Lake Suwa in the summer of 2006 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 29:5–23

• 38 Nagata T, Chang KH, Hanazato T (2006) Impact of invertebrate predators on rotifer populations in lakes: field observation and experimental analysis. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 29:2181–2186

• 39 Sakamoto M, Chang KH, Hanazato T (2006) Inhibition of development of anti-predator morphology in the small cladoceran Bosmina by an insecticide: impact of an anthropogenic chemical on prey–predator interactions. Freshwat Biol 51:1974–1983

• 40 Miyabara Y, Ikenaka Y, Inuzuka R, Hanazato T (2006) Study of seasonal changes of nutrients in Lake Suwa (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 28:39–46

• 41 Yanagimachi H, Hanazato T, Miyabara Y (2006) Horizontal and vertical water quality distribution in Lake Suwa in the summer of 2005 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 28:23–37

• 42 Nagata T, Hanazato T (2006) Different predation impacts of two cyclopoid species on a small-sized zooplankton community: an experimental analysis with mesocosms. Hydrobiologia 556:233–242

• 43 Hanazato T (2005) Effects of fish on lake ecosystems and water quality: consideration of fish release issues (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Water Policy Integr River Basin Manag 5:3–7

• 44 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2005) Heterogeneous distribution of zooplankton in a shallow eutrophic lake: species composition and diversity of zooplankton community associated with habitat structure in littoral area. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 29:922–926

• 45 Yanagimachi H, Hanazato T, Miyabara Y (2005) Water quality distribution in Lake Suwa in the summer of 2004 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 27:17–30

• 46 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2005) The predacious cladoceran Leptodora kindtii as a prey for the cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops sp.: laboratory observations of predator–prey interaction. J Freshwat Ecol 20:655–660

• 47 Takahashi H, Hanazato T (2005) Predation may alter vulnerability of Daphnia populations to insecticide by suppressing the development of peak densities. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 29:355–358

• 48 Nagata T, Ha JY, Hanazato T (2005) The predation impact of larval Pseudorasbora parva (Cyprinidae) on zooplankton: a mesocosm experiment. J Freshwat Ecol 20:757–763

• 49 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2005) Impact of selective predation by Mesocyclops pehpeiensis on a zooplankton community: experimental analysis using mesocosms. Ecol Res 20:726–732

• 50 Sakamoto M, Chang KH, Hanazato T (2005) Differential sensitivity of a predacious cladoceran (Leptodora) and its prey (the cladoceran Bosmina) to the insecticide carbaryl: results of acute toxicity tests. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 75:28–33

• 51 Chang KH, Sakamoto M, Hanazato T (2005) Impact of pesticide application on zooplankton communities with different densities of invertebrate predators: an experimental analysis using small-scale mesocosms. Aquat Toxicol 72:373–382

• 52 Chang KH, Hanazato T, Ueshima G, Tahara H (2005) Feeding habit of pond smelts (Hypomesus transpacificus nipponensis) and its impact on the zooplankton community in Lake Suwa, Japan. J Freshwat Ecol 20:129–138

• 53 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2005) Prey handling time and ingestion probability for Mesocyclops sp. predation on small cladoceran species Bosmina longirostris, Bosminopsis deitersi, and Scapholeberis mucronata. Limnology 6:39–44

• 54 Hanazato T (2004) Lake water quality and its relationship to the ecosystem (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Water Environ 27:509–513

• 55 Yanagimachi H, Hanazato T, Miyabara Y (2004) Water quality distribution in Lake Suwa in the summer of 2003 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 26:55–67

• 56 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2004) Diel vertical migration of invertebrate predators (Leptodora kindtii, Thermocyclops taihokuensis, Mesocyclops sp.) in a shallow eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 528:249–259

• 57 Chang KH, Nagata T, Hanazato T (2004) Direct and indirect impacts of predation by fish on the zooplankton community: an experimental analysis using tanks. Limnology 5:121–124

• 58 Saji A, Nakazato R, Sakurai H, Sakuma M, Hanazato T (2004) Population dynamics of epiphytic chironomid communities in the aquatic macrophyte zones of eutrophic Lakes Suwa and Kitaura. Rep Res Edu Ctr Inland Wat Environ 2:111–115

• 59 Hanazato T, Hirokawa H (2004) Changes in vulnerability of Daphnia to an insecticide application depending on the population phase. Freshwat Biol 49:402–409

• 60 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2004) Predation impact of Leptodora kindtii on population dynamics and morphology of Bosmina fatalis and B. longirostris in mesocosms. Freshwat Biol 49:253–264

• 61 Sakuma M, Hanazato T, Saji A, Nakazato R (2004) Migration from plant to plant: an important factor controlling densities of the epiphytic cladoceran Alona (Chydoridae, Anomopoda) on lake vegetation. Limnology 5:17–23

• 62 Hirabayashi K, Hanazato T, Nakamoto N (2003) Population dynamics of Propsilocerus akamusi and Chironomus plumosus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Suwa in relation to changes in the lake’s environment. Hydrobiologia 506–509:381–388

• 63 Hirabayashi K, Yamamoto M, Takeda M, Hanazato T, Nakamoto N (2003) Flight behavior of Chironomid midges on the bank of Lake Suwa, Nagano Prefecture (in Japanese). Pestology (Pest Control Res) 18:91–101

• 64 Hirabayashi K, Hanazato T, Ogawara M, Sakuma M, Nakamoto N (2003) Long-term investigation of Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) (Diptera, Chironomidae) from a shallow eutrophic lake, Suwa, in Central Japan—an attempt to forecast the massive emergence of adult midges. Me Entomol Zool 54:89–96

• 65 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2003) Seasonal and reciprocal succession and cyclomorphosis of two Bosmina species (Cladocera, Crustacea) co-existing in a lake: their relationship with invertebrate predators. J Plankton Res 25:141–150

• 66 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2003) Vulnerability of cladoceran species to predation by the copepod Mesocyclops leuckarti: laboratory observations on the behavioural interactions between predator and prey. Freshw Biol 48:476–484

• 67 Chang KH Hanazato T (2003) Seasonal and spatial distribution of two Bosmina species (B. longirostris and B. fatalis) in Lake Suwa, Japan: its relation to the predator Leptodora. Limnology 4:47–52

• 68 Hanazato T (2003) Predators control population dynamics of the cladoceran Daphnia through kairomones: an indirect effect of predators (in Japanese). Bull Plankton Soc Jpn 50:123–127

• 69 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2003) The role of predation in controlling the succession of the two Bosmina species in Lake Suwa (in Japanese). Bull Plankton Soc Jpn 50:120–123

• 70 Yanagimachi H, Takagi N, Hanazato T, Park HD (2003) Water quality investigation using Landsat ETM + data and the simultaneous observation data in Lake Suwa on September 2, 2002 (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 25:21–28

• 71 Lee JY, Yoshioka T, Hanazato T (2002) Faunal trophic interaction in an oligotrophic-dystrophic lake (Shirakoma-ike, Japan). Limnology 3:151–158

• 72 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2002) Morphological defense of Bosmina fatalis against invertebrate predators in Lake Suwa. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 28:1279–1283

• 73 Sakuma M, Hanazato T, Nakazato R, Haga H (2002) Methods for quantitative sampling of epiphytic microinvertebrates in lake vegetation. Limnology 3:115–119

• 74 Sakuma M, Hanazato T (2002) Abundance of Chydoridae associated with plant surfaces, water column and bottom sediments in the macrophyte zone of a lake. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 28:975–979

• 75 Hanazato T, Sakai S, Kawamura K, Hayashi H, Nohara S (2002) UV impact on vertical distribution of crustacean zooplankton in a subalpine mire pool: an enclosure experiment. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 28:1129–1133

• 76 Fukushima T, Fujiwara T, Sugiura N, Honda Y, Okubo T, Kunimoto M (2002) Application of simple bioassay using cultured human cell lines to the assessment of total hazards in lake water (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Water Environ 25:119–124

• 77 Andou M, Tsukazaki T, Hanazato T, Nakamoto N, Hirabayashi K (2001) Emergence period and population dynamics of Propsilocerus akamusi midges caught by light trap in Lake Suwa (in Japanese). Ann Environ Sci Shinshu Univ 23:67–72

• 78 Sakuma M, Hanazato T (2001) Heterogeneous distribution of environmental factors and zooplankton in a vegetated area of a eutrophic lake. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 27:4053–4056

• 79 Hanazato T, Hirokawa H (2001) Sensitivity of Daphnia pulex of different ages to the insecticide carbaryl. Jpn J Environ Toxicol 4:67–72

• 80 Hanazato T, Arakawa T, Sakuma M, Chang KH, Okino T (2001) Zooplankton community in Lake Suwa: community structure and its role in the ecosystem (in Japanese). Jpn J Limnol 62:151–167

• 81 Hanazato T (2001) Significance of recent researches into the organic community in Lake Suwa (in Japanese). Jpn J Limnol 62:123–126

• 82 Hanazato T, Fueki K, Yoshimoto M (2001) Fish-induced life-history shifts in the cladocerans Daphnia and Simocephalus: are they positive or negative responses? J Plankton Res 23:945–951

• 83 Hanazato T (2001) Impacts of climatic warming on zooplankton community structure and ecosystem function in lakes (in Japanese). Bull Plankton Soc Jpn 48:62–65

• 84 Hanazato T (2001) Pesticide effects on freshwater zooplankton: an ecological perspective. Environ Pollut 112:1–10

• 85 Havens KE, Fukushima T, Xie P, Iwakuma T, James RT, Takamura N, Hanazato T, Yamamoto T (2001) Nutrient dynamics and the eutrophication of shallow lakes Kasumigaura (Japan), Donghu (PR China), and Okeechobee (USA). Environ Pollut 111:263–272

• 86 Hanazato T, Hayashi H, Sakai S, Mori M, Kawamura K, Nohara S (2000) Significance of dissolved organic matter in a mire pool ecosystem. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 27:1649–1652

• 87 Sakuma M, Hanazato T (2000) Population dynamics and distribution of the cladoceran Alona in a lake vegetation area. Proc 10th ISRLE 55–56

• 88 Chang KH, Hanazato T (2000) Vertical distribution and phototactic behavior of an invertebrate predator, Leptodora kindtii. Proc 10th ISRLE, pp 41–44

• 89 Hanazato T (2000) Biomanipulation in Lake Shirakaba, Japan. Proc 10th ISRLE, pp 31–33

• 90 Hanazato T, Kasai F (2000) Response of zooplankton communities to simetryn application in experimental mesocosm studies. In: Badejo MA, van Straalen NM (eds) Pollutants and their effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. College Press Ltd., Oyo State, Nigeria, pp 71–83

• 91 Hanazato T (2000) Contribution of resting eggs and overwintering free-living individuals to establishment of spring Daphnia populations: a suggestion obtained from studies using experimental ponds. J Fac Sci Shinshu Univ 35:31–42

• 92 Iwakuma T, Yasuno M, Hayashi H, Hanazato T (2000) Factors controlling the population dynamics of chironomids in a eutrophic Japanese lake: experimental analysis using mesocosms. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 27:284–289

• 93 Hanazato T (2000) Climatic warming and lake plankton communities (in Japanese). Jpn J Limnol 61:65–77

• 94 Hanazato T, Yoshioka T (2000) Limnological studies on climatic warming up to the present and in the future (in Japanese). Jpn J Limnol 61:21–23

• 95 Hanazato T (1999) Anthropogenic chemicals (insecticides) disturb natural organic chemical communication in the plankton community. Environ Pollut 105:137–142

• 96 Hanazato T (1999) Concept of biomanipulation (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Water Environ 22:2–7

• 97 Hanazato T (1998) Analysis of hazardous chemical effect on aquatic ecosystems: indirect effects through biological interactions (in Japanese). Jpn J Ecol 48:313–318

• 98 Hanazato T (1998) Morphological changes and their significance in freshwater Cladocera (in Japanese). Bull Plankton Soc Jpn 45:107–121

• 99 Ohta T, Tokishita S, Shiga Y, Hanazato T, Yamagata H (1998) An assay system for detecting environmental toxicants with cultured cladoceran eggs in vitro: malformations induced by ethylenethiourea. Environ Res A 77:43–48

• 100 Recknagel F, Fukushima T, Hanazato T, Takamura N, Wilson H (1998) Modelling and prediction of phyto- and zooplankton dynamics of Lake Kasumigaura by artificial neural networks. Lakes Reservoir Res Manag 3:123–133

• 101 Hanazato T (1998) Response of a zooplankton community to insecticide application in experimental ponds: a review and the implications of the effects of chemicals on the structure and functioning of freshwater communities. Environ Pollut 101:361–373

• 102 Takamura N, Hanazato T, Iwakuma T, Nojiri Y, Otsuki A, Aizaki M, Kasumigaura Research Group of NIES (1998) Long-term monitoring of nutrients and plankton in Lake Kasumigaura. Proceedings of 2nd East Asia–Pacific Conference on Long-Term Ecological Research, CGER-I031-’98, pp 155–165

• 103 Hanazato T, Okino T (1998) Long-term monitoring of water quality after the start of sewage treatment in Lake Suwa, a shallow eutrophic lake in a mountain area. Proceedings of 2nd East Asia–Pacific Conference on Long-Term Ecological Research, CGER-I031-’98, pp 166–173

• 104 Hanazato T (1998) Growth analysis of Daphnia early juvenile stages as an alternative method to test the chronic effect of chemicals. Chemosphere 36:1903–1909

• 105 Kasai F, Miyamoto Y, Hanazato T (1998) Herbicide effects on pond phytoplankton communities under different zooplankton grazing pressure. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 26:1728–1733

• 106 Hanazato T (1998) Predator kairomones reduce the tolerance of Daphnia to environmental stress and control their population dynamics: an indirect effect of the predators. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 26:1941–1944

• 107 Hanazato T, Okino T (1998) Long-term monitoring of water quality after the start of sewage treatment in Lake Suwa, a shallow eutrophic lake in a mountain area. In: Iwakuma T (ed) Long-term ecological research in the East Asia–Pacific region: biodiversity and conservation of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Cent Glob Environ Res Natl Inst Environ Stud, pp 166–173

• 108 Hanazato T (1997) Pesticide effects on structure of zooplankton community and functioning of lake ecosystem. Acta Hydrobiol Sin 21:22–28

• 109 Hanazato T (1997) Development of low-oxygen layer in lakes and its effect on zooplankton communities. Korean J Limnol 30:506–511

• 110 Hanazato T, Sambo S, Hayashi H (1997) Diel vertical migration of Daphnia in Lake Kizaki: difference in its pattern depending on the daphnid's body size. J Fac Sci Shinshu Univ 32:77–88

• 111 Hanazato T (1997) Moderate impact by an insecticide increases species richness in a zooplankton community: results obtained in experimental ponds. J Fac Sci Shinshu Univ 32:37–46

• 112 Nohara S, Hanazato T, Iwakuma T (1997) Pesticide residues in rain water in rainy season and lake water of Lake Nakanuma at Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Jpn J Limnol 58:385–393

• 113 Tokishita S, Shiga Y, Kimura S, Ohta T, Kobayashi M, Hanazato T, Yamagata H (1997) Cloning and analysis of a cDNA encoding a two-domain hemoglobin chain from the water flea Daphnia magna. Gene 189:73–78

• 114 Yasuno M, Hanazato T, Miyashita M, Takamura N (1996) Comparison of the impact of oxadiazon and thiobencarb on planktonic and benthic communities in floating bags. Ecol Chem 5:275–286

• 115 Hanazato T (1996) Ecological risk assessment using mesocosms (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Water Environ 19:615–620

• 116 Hanazato T (1996) Combined effects of food shortage and oxygen deficiency on life history characteristics and filter screens of Daphnia. J Plankton Res 18:757–765

• 117 Hanazato T (1995) Effects of insecticides on interactions between the predator Chaoborus and the prey Daphnia. Rep Suwa Hydrobiol 9:19–24

• 118 Hanazato T (1995) Combined effect of the insecticide carbaryl and the Chaoborus kairomone on helmet development in Daphnia ambigua. Hydrobiologia 310:95–100

• 119 Hanazato T (1995) Influence of temperature on the effect of an insecticide on recovery patterns of a zooplankton community in experimental ponds. Proc 6th Internat Conf Conserv Manag Lakes (Kasumigaura '95), pp 1083–1086

• 120 Hanazato T, Dodson SI (1995) Synergistic effects of low oxygen concentrations, a predator kairomone and an insecticide on the cladoceran Daphnia pulex. Limnol Oceanogr 40:700–709

• 121 Hanazato T, Dodson SI (1995) Morphological defenses of Daphnia against copepod predation on eggs. Arch Hydrobiol 133:49–59

• 122 Kasai F, Hanazato T (1995) Effects of the triazine herbicide simetryn on freshwater plankton communities in experimental ponds. Environ Pollut 89:197–202

• 123 Dodson SI, Hanazato T (1995) Commentary on effects of anthropogenic and natural organic chemicals on development, swimming behavior, and reproduction of Daphnia, a key member of aquatic ecosystems. Environ Health Persp 103:7–11

• 124 Hanazato T (1995) Life history responses of two Daphnia species of different sizes against a fish kairomone. Jpn J Limnol 56:27–32

• 125 Hanazato T, Kasai F (1995) Effects of the organophosphorus insecticide fenthion on phyto- and zooplankton communities in experimental ponds. Environ Pollut 88:293–298

• 126 Kasai F, Hanazato T (1995) Genetic changes in phytoplankton communities exposed to the herbicide simetryn in outdoor experimental ponds. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 28:154–160

• 127 Dodson SI, Hanazato T, Gorski P (1995) Behavioral responses of Daphnia pulex exposed to carbaryl and Chaoborus kairomone. Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 43–50

• 128 Hanazato T (1994) Stability and diversity of a zooplankton community in experimental ponds. In: Yasuno M, Watanabe MM (eds) Biodiversity: its complexity and role. Grob Environ Forum, Tokyo, pp 177–186

• 129 Hanazato T (1994) Indirect effects of the predator Chaoborus on Daphnia population through chemical signals. In: Kozhova OM, Bokova IK (eds) Estimation of water and overland ecological system. Nauka, Novosibirsk, pp 43–51

• 130 Hanazato T (1994) Kairomone-mediated predator–prey relationships in lake zooplankton communities (in Japanese). Jpn J Ecol 44:61–77

• 131 Yasuno M, Takamura N, Hanazato T (1993) Nutrient enrichment experiment using small microcosms. In: Gopal, Wetzel (eds) Wetland and ecotones. International Scientific Publication, New Delhi, pp 181–193

• 132 Hanazato T, Dodson SI (1993) Morphological responses of four species of cyclomorphic Daphnia to a short term exposure to the insecticide carbaryl. J Plankton Res 15:1087–1095

• 133 Havens K, Hanazato T (1993) Zooplankton community responses to chemical stressors: a comparison of results from acidification and pesticide contamination research. Environ Pollut 82:277–288

• 134 Kato K, Oh S, Yamamoto H, Hanazato T, Yasuda I, Otsuki A, Takahashi M (1992) Enclosure experiment on the control mechanism of planktonic bacterial standing stock. Ecol Res 7:267–276

• 135 Hanazato T, Dodson SI (1992) Complex effects of a kairomone of Chaoborus and an insecticide on Daphnia pulex. J Plankton Res 14:1743–1755

• 136 Hanazato T, Ooi T (1992) Morphological responses of Daphnia ambigua to different concentrations of a chemical extract from Chaoborus flavicans. Freshwat Biol 27:379–385

• 137 Hanazato T (1992) Direct and indirect effects of low oxygen layers on lake zooplankton communities. Arch Hydrobiol Beih Ergebn Limnol 35:87–98

• 138 Hanazato T, Nohara S (1992) Seasonal succession and vertical distribution of zooplankton in Lake Ozenuma. Jpn J Limnol 53:55–63

• 139 Hanazato T, Nohara S (1992) Population dynamics and diel changes in vertical distribution of the cladoceran Holopedium gibberum and Bosmina longirostris in Lake Ozenuma. Jpn J Limnol 53:35–45

• 140 Hanazato T (1992) Population dynamics and cyclomorphosis of Bosmina longirostris in Lake Yunoko. Jpn J Limnol 53:13–25

• 141 Hanazato T (1992) Insecticide inducing helmet development in Daphnia ambigua. Arch Hydrobiol 123:451–457

• 142 Hanazato T (1991) Pesticides as chemical agents inducing helmet formation in Daphnia ambigua. Freshw Biol 26:419–424

• 143 Hanazato T (1991) Induction of development of high helmets by a Chaoborus-released chemical in Daphnia galeata. Arch Hydrobiol 122:167–175

• 144 Hanazato T, Takamura N, Yasuno M (1991) Occurrence of Bosmina longirostris and Bosmina fatalis in enclosures in relation to phytoplankton biomass. Pol Arch Hydrobiol 38:177–182

• 145 Hanazato T (1991) Effects of repeated application of carbaryl on zooplankton communities in experimental ponds with or without the predator Chaoborus. Environ Pollut 74:309–324

• 146 Hanazato T (1991) Effects of long- and short-term exposure to carbaryl on survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia ambigua. Environ Pollut 74:139–148

• 147 Hanazato T (1991) Influence of food density on the effects of a Chaoborus-released chemical on Daphnia ambigua. Freshw Biol 25:477–483

• 148 Hanazato T (1991) Interrelations between Microcystis and Cladocera in the highly eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Int Revue ges Hydrobiol 76:21–36

• 149 Hanazato T (1991) Effects of a Chaoborus-released chemical on Daphnia ambigua: reduction in the tolerance of the Daphnia to summer water temperature. Limnol Oceanogr 36:165–171

• 150 Hanazato T (1991) Species composition of cladoceran community in the highly eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura. Rep Suwa Hydrobiol 7:105–112

• 151 Hanazato T, Aizaki M (1991) Changes in species composition of cladoceran community in Lake Kasumigaura during 1986—1989: occurrence of Daphnia galeata and its effect on algal biomass. Jpn J Limnol 52:45–55.

• 152 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1991) Insights into competition in zooplankton communities derived from studies using experimental ponds. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 24:1572–1580

• 153 Otsuki A, Aizaki M, Iwakuma T, Takamura N, Hanazato T, Kawai T (1990) A trial on removal of nutrients from eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura water by water hyacinth using enclosures. In: Proc UNESCO/MAB Internat Sem: Future Research Trends in MAB, Aug. 20–22, 1990, Tokyo, pp 95–115

• 154 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1990) Influence of persistence period of an insecticide on recovery patterns of a zooplankton community in experimental ponds. Environ Pollut 67:109–122

• 155 Hanazato T (1990) Induction of helmet development by a Chaoborus factor in Daphnia ambigua during juvenile stages. J Plankton Res 12:1287–1294

• 156 Iwakuma T, Hayashi H, Yasuda I, Hanazato T, Takada K (1990) Impact of whitefish on an enclosure ecosystem in a shallow eutrophic lake: changes in nutrient concentration, phytoplankton and zoobenthos. Hydrobiologia 200/201:141–152

• 157 Hanazato T, Iwakuma T, Hayashi H (1990) Impact of whitefish on an enclosure ecosystem in a shallow eutrophic lake: selective feeding of fish and predation effects on the zooplankton communities. Hydrobiologia 200/201:129–140

• 158 Hanazato T (1990) A comparison between predation effects on zooplankton communities by Neomysis and Chaoborus. Hydrobiologia 198:33–40

• 159 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1990) Influence of Chaoborus density on effects of an insecticide on zooplankton communities in ponds. Hydrobiologia 194:183–197

• 160 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1990) Influence of time of application of an insecticide on recovery patterns of a zooplankton community in experimental ponds. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19:77–83

• 161 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1989) Influence of overwintering Daphnia on spring zooplankton communities: an experimental study. Ecol Res 4:323–338

• 162 Hanazato T, Yasuno M, Hosomi M (1989) Significance of a low oxygen layer for a Daphnia population in Lake Yunoko, Japan. Hydrobiologia 185:19–27

• 163 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1989) Zooplankton community structure driven by vertebrate and invertebrate predators. Oecologia 81:450–458

• 164 Hanazato T, Iwakuma T, Yasuno M, Sakamoto M (1989) Effects of temephos on zooplankton communities in enclosures in a shallow eutrophic lake. Environ Pollut 59:305–314

• 165 Iwakuma T, Shibata K, Hanazato T (1989) Production ecology of phyto- and zooplankton in a eutrophic pond dominated by Chaoborus flavicans (Diptera: Chaoboridae). Ecol Res 4:31–53

• 166 Sakamoto M, Hayashi H, Otsuki A, Aoyama K, Watanabe Y, Hanazato T, Iwakuma T, Yasuno M (1989) Role of bottom sediments in sustaining plankton production in a lake ecosystem. Experimental demonstration using enclosed water bodies in a shallow eutrophic lake. Ecol Res 4:1–16

• 167 Takamura K, Sugaya Y, Takamura N, Hanazato T, Yasuno M, Iwakuma T (1989) Primary production of phytoplankton and standing crops of zooplankton and zoobenthos in hypertrophic Lake Teganuma. Hydrobiologia 173:173–184

• 168 Hanazato T (1989) Interrelations between blue-green algae and zooplankton in eutrophic lakes—a review (in Japanese). Jpn J Limnol 50:53–67

• 169 Hanazato T, Hayashi H, Ichikawa T, Watanabe Y (1989) Dynamics of zooplankton community in enclosures of different types in a shallow eutrophic lake. Jpn J Limnol 50:25–37

• 170 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1989) Effect of temperature in laboratory studies on growth of Chaoborus flavicans (Diptera: Chaoboridae). Arch Hydrobiol 114:497–504

• 171 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1989) Effects of carbaryl on the spring zooplankton communities in ponds. Environ Pollut 56:1–10

• 172 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1988) Impact of predation of Neomysis intermedia on a zooplankton community in Lake Kasumigaura. Verh Internat Ver Limnol 23:2092–2098

• 173 Yasuno M, Hanazato T, Iwakuma T, Takamura K, Ueno R, Takamura N (1988) Effects of permethrin on phytoplankton and zooplankton in an enclosure ecosystem in a pond. Hydrobiologia 159:247–258

• 174 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1988) Assimilation of Diaphanosoma brachyurum and Moina macrocopa on Microcystis. Jpn J Limnol 49:37–41

• 175 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1987) Characteristics of biomass and production of cladoceran zooplankton in Lake Kasumigaura. Jpn J Limnol Special Issue 48:S45-S57

• 176 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1987) Experimental studies on competition between Bosmina longirostris and Bosmina fatalis. Hydrobiologia 154:189–199

• 177 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1987) Effects of a carbamate insecticide, carbaryl, on the summer phyto- and zooplankton communities in ponds. Environ Pollut 48:145–159

• 178 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1987) Evaluation of Microcystis as food for zooplankton in a eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 144:251–259

• 179 Otsuki A, Aizaki M, Iwakuma T, Takamura N, Hanazato T, Kawai T, Yasuno M (1985) Coupled transformation of inorganic stable carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 isotopes into higher trophic levels in a eutrophic shallow lake. Limnol Oceanogr 30:820–825

• 180 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1985) Occurrence of Daphnia ambigua Scourfield in Lake Kasumigaura. Jap J Limnol 46:212–214

• 181 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1985) Effects of temperature in the laboratory studies on growth, egg development and first parturition of five species of Cladocera. Jap J Limnol 46:185–191

• 182 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1985) Is zooplankton community composition determined by phytoplankton (in Japanese)? Jpn J Limnol 46:70–72

• 183 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1985) Population dynamics and production of cladoceran zooplankton in the highly eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura. Hydrobiologia 124:13–22

• 184 Hanazato T, Yasuno M, Hosomi M (1984) Vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Yunoko (in Japanese). Commemorative Issue for Retirement of Prof. Toshihiko Mizuno 113–121

• 185 Hanazato T, Yasuno M, Iwakuma T, Takamura N (1984) Seasonal changes in the occurrence of Bosmina longirostris and Bosmina fatalis in relation to Microcystis bloom in Lake Kasumigaura. Jap J Limnol 45:153–157

• 186 Hanazato T, Yasuno M (1984) Growth, reproduction and assimilation of Moina macrocopa fed on Microcystis and/or Chlorella. Jap J Ecol 34:195–202