High current flux electrochemical sensor based on nickel-iron bimetal pyrolytic carbon material of paper waste pulp for clenbuterol detection

doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123756

Talanta

Volume 250, 1 December 2022, 123756

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123756 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
Synthesized a nanocarbon-supported NiFe₂O₄ electrode material for the detection of clenbuterol (CLB).
•
Innovative approach for overcoming the low electrochemical ability of CLB.
•
Successfully used for the detection of CLB in real samples of human urine.

Abstract

As a β-stimulant, clenbuterol (CLB) is abused to varying degrees by athletes worldwide. It is also used in the meat and dairy industries. CLB inadvertently enters the human body through the food chain, endangering human health. Therefore, a rapid and convenient method for detecting CLB is needed. In this study, nanocarbon-supported NiFe₂O₄ electrode materials (NiFe₂O₄–NPCs) were synthesized, and an electrochemical sensor (NiFe₂O₄–NPCs/GCE) for CLB detection was fabricated. NiFe₂O₄–NPCs have good electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and high electrical flux, owing to their large specific surface area and the anti-spinel structure of NiFe₂O₄. The fabricated sensor is an effective detector of CLB. The sensor exhibits linear ranges of 10⁻⁷–10⁻⁵ M and 7 × 10⁻¹¹–10⁻⁷ M and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.03 × 10⁻¹² M (S/N = 3). The sensor also exhibits good sensitivities of 3.264 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻² and 0.751 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻² (S/N = 3). Additionally, NiFe₂O₄–NPCs/GCE successfully detected CLB in real samples of human urine. Thus, this study highlights the potential of the NiFe₂O₄–NPCs/GCE sensor for the detection of CLB in biological samples.

Graphical abstract

Section snippets

Author contributions

Fanpeng Ma: Data curation, Writing Original Draft. Writing-Reviewing and Editing. Xiang Li: Resources Analysis, Conceptualization, Methodology, Software. Yangguang Li: Formal Analysis. Yifan Fen: Data Curation. Bang-Ce Ye: Project Administration, Writing- Reviewing and Editing, Supervision.

Apparatus and reagents

Wastepaper pulp was produced from wastepaper produced daily in the laboratory. Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O, Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were purchased from Adamas Reagent, Ltd. (Shanghai, China). NaOH, KCl, NaCl, KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, K₃[Fe(CN)₆], K₄[Fe(CN)6], and KNO₃ were purchased from Shanghai Titan Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Preparation of nanocarbon substrates

Vacuum dried waste pulp (2.4 g) was added to ammonia (3 mL) and dimethyl formamide (DMF, 17 mL). CTAB (0.36 g) was

Characterization of morphology and structural components

The NiFe₂O₄–NPCs and their precursors were morphologically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Zeiss Sigma 300) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM-2100 F). Fig. 2A–C illustrate the SEM images of the nanocarbon substrates, Fe₂O₃-NPs@C and NiFe₂O₄–NPCs, respectively. The hydrothermally synthesized nanocarbon substrate exhibits an irregular hair shape (Fig. 2A), which morphs into a neural-network-like carbon structure loaded with Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles following

Conclusion

In this study, we successfully prepared nanocarbon substrates using hydrothermal reaction and high-temperature carbonization under a nitrogen protective atmosphere. Dried wastepaper pulp was used as the carbon source. Fe₂O₃-NPs and NiFe₂O₄–NPCs were successively grown on the nanocarbon substrates using an impregnation method and high-temperature carbonization, and a novel electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the detection of CLB. Iron improves the current flux level of the material, and

Supporting Information

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found in the online version at***.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 22134003).

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¹: These authors contributed equally to this work.

View full text

High current flux electrochemical sensor based on nickel-iron bimetal pyrolytic carbon material of paper waste pulp for clenbuterol detection

Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Section snippets

Author contributions

Apparatus and reagents

Preparation of nanocarbon substrates

Characterization of morphology and structural components

Conclusion

Supporting Information

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgment

Sensor. Actuator. B Chem.

Food Chem.

Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med.

Food Chem.

Neurobiol. Dis.

Food Chem.

Biosens. Bioelectron.

Biosens. Bioelectron.

Microchem. J.

Biosens. Bioelectron.

Ceram. Int.

Chin. J. Catal.

Electrochim. Acta

Electrochim. Acta

J. Electroanal. Chem.

Electrochim. Acta

Talanta

J. Electroanal. Chem.

Biosens. Bioelectron.

Differential pulse voltammetric determination of clenbuterol with carbon paste electrode modified by nano-CeO_2

J. Instrum. Anal.