Abstract
Deformation in a rock mass in deeply buried fault zones induced by active fault slip significantly affects the operational safety of long linear tunnels passing through it. The creep slip movement, deep in situ stress condition, and rock mass characteristics of the active fault zone are the significant factors in exploring the mechanical response of deep-buried fault-cross tunnels. This paper used a new experimental setup to simulate fault creep slip, fully considering the above research factors. A three-dimensional load function, slip mechanism with variable angles, and flexible loading device with airbags and air springs were installed in this test system. We developed new types of modeling material, and tests were conducted to obtain the deformation and failure characteristics of tunnel lining subjected to creep slip. Also, the feasibility and reliability of the setup were verified. The test results imply that the tunnel failure was distributed within 3.5 to 4.0 times the tunnel diameter. The tunnel lining failure is strongly dependent on the S-shaped displacement mode and its hill-shaped displacement gradient mode. This study helps to provide a design basis for a tunnel structure crossing deeply buried active faults.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
An S, Tao LJ, Han XC, Zhang Y (2021b) Application of two-level design method on subway tunnel crossing active fault: a case study on Urumqi subway tunnel intersected by reverse fault dislocation. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80(5):3871–3884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02164-y
Ahmed W, Bransby MF (2009) Interaction of shallow foundations with reverse faults. J Geotech Geoenviron 135(7):914–924. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000072
Anderson EM (1951) The dynamics of faulting
An D, Chen Z, Meng LH, Cui GY (2020a) Application of fiber-reinforced concrete lining for fault-crossing tunnels in meizoseismal area to improving seismic performance. Adv Mech Eng 12(7):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814020944023
An D, Liu TW, Guo YJ (2021a) Analysis on seismic effect of fiber concrete lining in cross-fault tunnel at strong earthquake area. J Saf Sci Technol 17(6):98–103
An S, Tao LJ, Bian J, Han X, Wu XC (2020b) Damage analysis on subway tunnel structure under effect of reverse fault dislocation. J Hunan Univ Nat Sci 47(7):147–156
Zang CQ, Zhou H, Zhu Y (2017) Study on structural adaptability of tunnels in active faults in Yuzhong Water Diversion Project. Wuhan: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science
Anastasopoulos I, Callerio A, Bransby MF, Davies MCR, El Nahas A, Faccioli E, Rossignol E (2008) Numerical analyses of fault-foundation interaction. B Earthq Eng 6(4): 645-675.
Anastasopoulos I, Jones L (2019) On the development of novel mitigation techniques against faulting-induced deformation: “smart” barriers and sacrificial members. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 124:297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.04.052
Ashtiani M, Ghalandarzadeh A, Towhata I (2015) Centrifuge modeling of shallow embedded foundations subjected to reverse fault rupture. Can Geotech J 53(3):505–519. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0444
Azizkandi AS, Ghavami S, Baziar MH, Hasanaklou SH (2019) Assessment of damages in fault rupture–shallow foundation interaction due to the existence of underground structures. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 89:222–237
Baziar MH, Hasanaklou SH, Saeedi Azizkandi A (2019) Evaluation of EPS wall effectiveness to mitigate shallow foundation deformation induced by reverse faulting. B Earthq Eng 17(6):3095–3117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00581-9
Bransby MF, Davies MCR, El Nahas A, Nagaoka S (2008) Centrifuge modelling of reverse fault-foundation interaction. B Earthq Eng 6(4):607–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9080-7
Cai QP, Peng JM, Ng CWW, Shi JW, Chen XX (2019) Centrifuge and numerical modelling of tunnel intersected by normal fault rupture in sand. Comput Geotech 111:137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.03.010
Callisto L, Ricci C (2019) Interpretation and back-analysis of the damage observed in a deep tunnel after the 2016 Norcia earthquake in Italy. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 89:238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.04.012
Caulfield R, Kieffer DS, Tsztoo DF, Cain B (2005) Seismic design measures for the retrofit of the claremont tunnel. RETC Proceedings California
Chen HL, Gao MZ, Wang WY, Liu Q, Lu T, Peng GY (2018) Study on the deformation law and damage mechanism of cross fault tunnel lining. Advanced Engineering Sciences 50(5):38–46
Chen ZY, Shi C, Li TB, Yuan Y (2011) Damage characteristics and influence factors of mountain tunnels under strong earthquakes. Nat Hazards 61(2):387–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9924-3
Chermahini AG, Tahghighi H (2019) Numerical finite element analysis of underground tunnel crossing an active reverse fault: a case study on the Sabzkouh segmental tunnel. Geomech Geoengin 14(3):155–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2019.1573323
Chuan H, Lin L, Zhang J (2014) Seismic damage mechanism of tunnels through fault zones. Chin J Geotech Eng 36(3):427–434
Cui GY, Meng LH, Wang MS (2020) Anti-dislocation technology for fiber-reinforced concrete linings of tunnels crossing stick-slip faults. China Earthquake Engineering Journal 42(1):194–198
Fadaee M, Ezzatyazdi P, Anastasopoulos I, Gazetas G (2016) Mitigation of reverse faulting deformation using a soil bentonite wall: dimensional analysis, parametric study, design implications. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 89:248–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.04.007
Firouzeh SH, Payan M, Chenari RJ, Shafiee A, Senetakis K (2022) Efficiency of various mitigation schemes in the alleviation of the destructive effect of reverse dip-slip fault rupture on surface and embedded shallow foundations using upper bound finite element limit analysis. Comput Geotech 142:104548
Garcia FE, Bray JD (2019) Discrete element analysis of earthquake fault rupture-soil-foundation interaction. J Geotech Geoenviron 145(9):04019046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002092
Guo X, Geng P, Ding T, Wang Q, Yang Q, He Y (2021) Mechanical behavior of tunnel under stick-slip action of reverse fault. Journal of Vibration and Shock 40(17):249–258
Hazeghian M, Soroush A (2016) DEM-aided study of shear band formation in dip-slip faulting through granular soils. Comput Geotech 71:221–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.10.002
Haimson B, Fairhurst C (1969) In-situ stress determination at great depth by means of hydraulic fracturing. The 11th US symposium on rock mechanics (USRMS). One Petro
Han XM, Li WJ (2021) Numerical analysis on the structure type and mechanical response of tunnel crossing active reverse fault. Geofluids 2021:1–10
He C, Li L, Zhang J, Geng P, Yan QX (2014) Seismic damage mechanism of tunnels through fault zones. Chin J Geotech Eng 36(3):427–434
He MC (2021) Double isolation and control method to prevent large deformation of tunnel structure and rock mass
Hu H, Zhu YM, Qiu WG (2019) Energy absorption level test of tunnel lining section crossing active fault. In: 6th International Conference on Transportation Engineering (ICTE) Proceeding; SW Jiaotong Univ: Chengdu, PEOPLES R CHINA
Johansson J, Konagai K (2007) Fault induced permanent ground deformations: experimental verification of wet and dry soil, numerical findings’ relation to field observations of tunnel damage and implications for design. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 27(10):938–956
Kiani M, Akhlaghi T, Ghalandarzadeh A (2016) Experimental modeling of segmental shallow tunnels in alluvial affected by normal faults. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 51:108–119
Kontogianni VA, Stiros SC (2003) Earthquakes and seismic faulting: effects on tunnels. Turkish J Earthences 12(1): 153–156. https://doi.org/500025908
Lai JX, He SY, Qiu JJ, Chen JX, Wang LX, Ke W, Wang JB (2017) Characteristics of seismic disasters and aseismic measures of tunnels in Wenchuan earthquake. Environ Earth Sci 76(2):94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6405-3
Li TB (2012) Damage to mountain tunnels related to the Wenchuan earthquake and some suggestions for aseismic tunnel construction. Bull Eng Geol Environ 71(2):297–308. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2000.659_27
Li XF (2019) Research on rock fracturing and fragmentation subject to intensive impact loading. dissertation, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Lin ML, Chung CF, Jeng FS, Yao TC (2007a) The deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust faulting and its impact on underground tunnels. Eng Geol 92(3):110–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.03.008
Lin ML, Chung CF, Jeng FS, Yao TC (2007b) The deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust faulting and its impact on underground tunnels. Eng Geol 92(3–4):110–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.03.008
Liu XZ, Li XF, Sang YL, Lin LL (2015) Experimental study on normal fault rupture propagation in loose strata and its impact on mountain tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 49:417–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.05.010
Loli M, Anastasopoulos I, Bransby MF, Ahmed W, Gazetas G (2011) Caisson foundations subjected to reverse fault rupture: centrifuge testing and numerical analysis. J Geotech Geoenviron 137(10):914–925. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000512
Mahboubi A, Ajorloo A (2005) Experimental study of the mechanical behavior of plastic concrete in triaxial compression. Cement Concrete Res 35(2):412–419
Noushini A, Samali B, Vessalas K (2013) Effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre on dynamic and material properties of fibre reinforced concrete. Constr Build Mater 49(dec.):374–383
Naeij M, Soroush A, Javanmardi Y (2019) Numerical investigation of the effects of embedment on the reverse fault-foundation interaction. Comput Geotech 113:103098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103098
O’Rourke TD, Jung JK, Argyrou C (2016) Underground pipeline response to earthquake-induced ground deformation. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 91:272–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.008
Oettle NK, Bray JD (2017) Numerical procedures for simulating earthquake fault rupture propagation. Int J Geomech 17(1):04016025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000661
Paolucci R, Yilmaz MT (2008) Simplified theoretical approaches to earthquake fault rupture-shallow foundation interaction. B Earthq Eng 6(4):629–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9081-6
Qiao YF, Tang J, Liu GZ, He MC (2022) Longitudinal mechanical response of tunnels under active normal faulting. Undergr Space. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2021.12.002
Ranjbarnia M, Zaheri M, Dias DD (2020) Three-dimensional finite difference analysis of shallow sprayed concrete tunnels crossing a reverse fault or a normal fault: a parametric study. Front Struct Civ Eng 14(4):998–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-020-0621-8
Rasouli H, Fatahi B (2021) Geosynthetics reinforced interposed layer to protect structures on deep foundations against strike-slip fault rupture. Geotext Geomembranes 49(3):722–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.11.011
Roy N, Sarkar R (2016) A review of seismic damage of mountain tunnels and probable failure mechanisms. Geotech Geol Eng 35(1):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-016-0091-x
Rogers JD, Peck RB (2000) Engineering geology of the bay area rapid transit (BART) System 1964–75. http://sonic.net/mly/www.geolith.com/bart/orinda
Sabagh M, Ghalandarzadeh A (2020a) Centrifugal modeling of continuous shallow tunnels at active normal faults intersection. Transp Geotech 22:100325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100325
Sabagh M, Ghalandarzadeh A (2020b) Numerical modelings of continuous shallow tunnels subject to reverse faulting and its verification through a centrifuge. Comput Geotech 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020b103813
Shahidi AR, Vafaeian M (2005) Analysis of longitudinal profile of the tunnels in the active faulted zone and designing the flexible lining (for Koohrang-III tunnel). Tunn Undergr Space Technol 20(3):213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2004.08.003
Sedov LI (2018) Similarity and dimensional methods in mechanics. CRC Press
Shen YS, Gao B, Yang X, Tao S (2014) Seismic damage mechanism and dynamic deformation characteristic analysis of mountain tunnel after Wenchuan earthquake. Eng Geol 180:85–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.017
Shen YS, Wang ZZ, Yu J, Zhang X, Gao B (2020) Shaking table test on flexible joints of mountain tunnels passing through normal fault. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 98:103299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103299
Sun F, Zhang ZQ, Yi ZW (2019) Model test study of segmental tunnels with joints crossing stick-slip fault. Rock Soil Mech 40(08):3037–3044
Vatani OA, Tamjidi A, Pourshabani P (2019) Effects of burial depth in the behavior of buried steel pipelines subjected to strike-slip fault. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 123:252–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.04.031
Wang WL, Wang TT, Su JJ, Lin CH, Seng CR, Huang TH (2001) Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 16(3):133–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00047-5
Wu HJ, Wang ZC (2018) The stability analysis of lining structure of water diversion tunnel of hydropower in strong earthquake area. Geotech Geol Eng 37(1):155–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0599-3
Xin CL, Wang ZZ, Zhou JM, Gao B (2019) Shaking table tests on seismic behavior of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete tunnel lining. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 88:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.02.019
Yan GM, Shen YS, Gao B, Sui CY, Zheng Q, Zhou PF (2021) Shaking table tests of reinforced rubber joint in cross fault tunnel. Journal of Vibration and Shock 40(13):129–135
Yan GM, Shen YS, Gao B, Zheng Q, Fan KX, Huang HF (2020) Damage evolution of tunnel lining with steel reinforced rubber joints under normal faulting: an experimental and numerical investigation. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 97:103223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103223
Yang KH, Chiang J, Lai CW, Han J, Lin ML (2020) Performance of geosynthetic-reinforced soil foundations across a normal fault. Geotext Geomembranes 48(3):357–373. https://doi.org/10.6310/jog.202003_15(1).2
Yang YS, Yu HT, Yuan Y, Sun J (2021) 1 g Shaking table test of segmental tunnel in sand under near-fault motions. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 115:104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104080
Yu HT, Chen JT, Bobet A, Yuan Y (2016) Damage observation and assessment of the Longxi tunnel during the Wenchuan earthquake. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 54:102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.02.008
Zaheri M, Ranjbarnia M, Dias D (2020a) 3D numerical investigation of segmental tunnels performance crossing a dip-slip fault. Geomech Eng 23(4):351–364. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae2020a234351
Zaheri M, Ranjbarnia M, Dias D, Oreste P (2020b) Performance of segmental and shotcrete linings in shallow tunnels crossing a transverse strike-slip faulting. Transp Geotech 23:100333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo2020100333
Zhou GX, Sheng Q, Cui Z, Wang TQ, Ma YLN (2021) Investigating the deformation and failure mechanism of a submarine tunnel with flexible joints subjected to strike-slip faults. J Mar Sci Eng 9(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121412
Zaheri M, Ranjbarnia M, Dias D, Oreste P (2020c) Performance of segmental and shotcrete linings in shallow tunnels crossing a transverse strike-slip faulting. Transp Geotech 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo2020c100333
Zhang CQ, Liu XY, Zhu GJ, Zhou H, Zhu Y, Wang C (2020) Distribution patterns of rock mass displacement in deeply buried areas induced by active fault creep slip at engineering scale. J Cent South Univ 27(10):2849–2863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-020-4514-8
Zeng GX, Geng P, Guo XY, Li PS, Wang Q, Ding T (2021) An anti-fault study of basalt fiber reinforced concrete in tunnels crossing a stick-slip fault. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021106687
Zhang XP, Jiang YJ, Hirakawa Y, Cai Y, Sugimoto S (2019) Correlation between seismic damages of Tawarayama tunnel and ground deformation under the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(7):2401–2413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1704-x
Zhang XP, Jiang YJ, Sugimoto S (2018) Seismic damage assessment of mountain tunnel: a case study on the Tawarayama tunnel due to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 71:138–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.07.019
Zhao K, Chen WZ, Yang DS, Zhao WS, Wang SY, Song WP (2019) Mechanical tests and engineering applicability of fibre plastic concrete used in tunnel design in active fault zones. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 88:200–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.03.009
Zhao Y, Guo EB, Liu Z, Gao L (2014) Damage analysis of urban metro tunnel under strike-slip fault. Rock Soil Mech 35(S2):467–473. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2014.s2.054
Zhong ZL, Wang Z, Zhao M, Du XL (2020) Structural damage assessment of mountain tunnels in fault fracture zone subjected to multiple strike-slip fault movement. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103527
Acknowledgements
The authors are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers.
Funding
This work is supported by the Key projects of the Yalong River Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1865203) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41941018). Besides, this work is supported by the Science and Technology Project of Huaneng Group Co., Ltd (Grant No. HNKJ19-H14) in the area of field exploration.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, X., Zhang, C., Xiao, H. et al. Deformation and failure characteristics of a deeply buried tunnel subjected to creep slip fault movement: based on the engineering conditions of Yunnan water intake project. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 322 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02799-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02799-5