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Gossypol-Embedded Casein Nanoparticles for Potential Targeting of Ovarian Cancer: Formulation, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity

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Abstract

Background

The present study intends to investigate the ability of gossypol-loaded casein nanoparticles (gossypol-loaded CAS NPs) for the treatment of ovarian cancer. The key emphasis of this study was to synthesize and characterize gossypol-embedded casein NPs by the desolvation technique.

Method

Casein is used as a polymer to fabricate the NPs; the fabricated nanoparticles are then characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, zeta potential and size analysis, and DSC to explore the efficiency and strength. The role of cross-linked casein nanoparticles was observed to improve the blood bioavailability of gossypol.

Results

The particle size of the optimized batch was found to be 278 ± 5 nm, and the PDI is 0.399; the zeta potential was found to be − 14.88 mV, and the % CDR of the optimized batch was found to be 55.66%. The cytotoxicity of gossypol-loaded CAS NPs was tested in vitro against a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and found to be considerable.

Conclusions

The gossypol-loaded casein NPs were successfully synthesized with important advantages such as being easy to prepare, stable, and cost-effective with their applicability in ovarian cancer.

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Data Availability

All original data and materials are available with authors.

Abbreviations

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

CAS:

Casein

CAS NPs:

Casein nanoparticles

NPs:

Nanoparticles

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

PDI:

Polydispersity index

CDR:

Cumulative drug release

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

MCF-7:

Michigan Cancer Foundation-7

SRB:

Sulforhodamine B

RPMI:

Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium

ACTREC:

Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Centre

ZP:

Zeta potential

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to the Tata Memorial Centre’s Anti-Cancer Drug Screening Facility and the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC). To expand the facilities for conducting in vitro anticancer studies, Navi Mumbai was chosen. For energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) research and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses, they are grateful to SAIF, University Institute of Chemical Technology Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. The authors express their gratitude to Principal and Management of H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, for providing the necessary resources to complete the study.

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Dr. Ganesh B. Patil — writing — original draft. Ms. Darshana M. Borse — execution of research work. Mr. Mahesh P. More — review and editing of manuscript. Dr. Dilip A. Patil — conceptualization, planning, and execution of research work.

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Correspondence to Dilip A. Patil.

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Patil, G.B., Borse, D.M., More, M.P. et al. Gossypol-Embedded Casein Nanoparticles for Potential Targeting of Ovarian Cancer: Formulation, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity. J Pharm Innov 18, 563–574 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-022-09666-6

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