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VAPORIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ISOLATED ETHANOL DROPLET AT FLAME CONDITIONS

Volume 32, Issue 9, 2022, pp. 79-94
DOI: 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2022041118
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Deniz Kaya Eyice
CNRS-INSIS, Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Orléans, 45071, France; Université d'Orléans, Orléans, 45100, France; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
Guillaume Renoux
CNRS-INSIS, Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Orléans, 45071, France; Université d'Orléans, Orléans, 45100, France
Fabien Halter
CNRS-INSIS, Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Orléans, 45071, France; Université d'Orléans, Orléans, 45100, France
Ahmet Yozgatlıgil
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
Iskendar Gökalp
CNRS-INSIS, Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Orléans, 45071, France; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
Christian Chauveau
CNRS-INSIS, Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Orléans, 45071, France

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to investigate single ethanol droplet evaporation characteristics under premixed CH4/air flame conditions via experimental and numerical approaches. In the experimental part of the study, an ethanol droplet with an initial diameter between 20 and 70 μm was injected through a flat laminar stagnant flame. Visualization of the flame front and temporal monitoring of the droplet evaporation at high temperatures up to 2200 K were performed using planar laser tomography. Droplet motion and its diameter change are captured simultaneously via PIV/PTV and ILIDS diagnostics, respectively. Velocity measurements indicated that the droplets are small enough to be carried by surrounding gas with a very small slip velocity. Variation in droplet diameter is successfully tracked through the flame via ILIDS and it is found to be more drastic in burnt gases. Hence, vaporization rates are reported at burnt gas temperature which is affected by the heat losses from flame to the stagnation plate due to the change in the temperature profile. In the numerical part of the study, single droplet evaporation under constant temperature and stagnant environment was studied with the Spalding model using the YALES2 solver. The variations of the droplet properties were computed under N2 atmosphere and under flame conditions. At elevated conditions, the flame temperature is found to have a more dominant effect on the evaporation rate rather than the burnt gas composition.

Figures

  • (a) Schematic of the flat flame burner (Thiesset et al., 2017) and (b) experimental configuration
  • (a) Determination of the flame front and the velocity of unburnt gases based on PIV. (b) Trajectory of the droplet based on PTV (d0 = 35 µm)
  • Combined sequence of ILIDS images illustrating the evaporation of a droplet while passing through the flame front (droplet diameters from bottom to top: 49, 49, 38, and 15 µm)
  • (a) Fitted stagnation temperature profile and droplet trajectory. (b) Variations in the droplet diameter (⋄) and gas temperature for a stabilized stoichiometric CH4/air flame and ethanol droplet (d0 = 47 µm)
  • Comparison of ethanol droplet evaporation computations with the experiments of Saharin et al. (2012) and simulations via the Spalding model under pure N2 ambient at P = 1 atm: (a) low temperatures, (b) high temperatures
  • Temporal evolution of the droplet velocity (PTV) and the measured (PIV) and computed gas velocities in stoichiometric condition (d0 = 47 µm)
  • Temporal evolution of the droplet diameter with ILIDS (d0 = 47 µm, Tevap;average = 2020.5 ± 2.5 K) and Spalding model (d0 = 50 µm, T1 = 2000 K) at stoichiometric conditions
  • Temporal evolution of the droplet temperatures at high temperature conditions
  • Changes in ethanol evaporation constant with respect to the initial droplet diameter at different equivalence ratios
  • Comparison of ethanol evaporation constant with respect to temperature
KEY WORDS: two-phase combustion, single droplet evaporation, stagnation flame, Spalding model
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