Abstract
Despite a well-developed structural framework, orogenic gold deposits from the Malartic-Val-d’Or Camp (MVC) report ages that span nearly 345 million years (~ 2705–2360 Ma), significantly post-dating the tectono-metamorphic history of the Abitibi-Wawa Orogeny, and are in conflict with the structural setting along the retrograde path of the orogenic cycle. Gold in the MVC is commonly associated with three events that form pre- and syn-/late-regional penetrative fabric (S2), developed during major N-S shortening (D2, ~ 2669–2643 Ma): (1) pre-D2 quartz-carbonate veins; (2) deformed quartz-carbonate stockworks, entrained in S2; (3) laminated brittle-ductile quartz-tourmaline-carbonate reverse-shear and tension veins, sub-parallel to S2, which contain the bulk of the gold. Here, we present in situ U–Pb geochronological and rare earth element (REE) data from 85 xenotime grains, hosted by quartz-carbonate veins (Kiena S50) and quartz-tourmaline-carbonate veins (Goldex, Triangle, Plug #4, Beaufor, Pascalis Gold Trend, and Akasaba West). Xenotime in textural equilibrium with Au-hosting pyrite of pre-D2 veins yields a subtle negative Eu anomaly and elevated medium-REE contents, and records an auriferous hydrothermal event at 2686 ± 15 Ma (n = 19; 11 grains; MSWD = 2.8), consistent with cross-cutting relationships with dated intrusions. Late-D2 veins record two subsequent hydrothermal events, based on texture and chemistry of xenotime. Xenotime in textural equilibrium with gold-bearing pyrite contains elevated medium-REE values (Nd>1000 ppm; Sm>2490 ppm) and constrains the timing of vein emplacement to 2643 ± 3 Ma (n = 92; 44 grains; MSWD = 1.2), dating the main phase of quartz-tourmaline-carbonate vein formation and major gold precipitation. Xenotime in textural disequilibrium with auriferous sulfides, located at dissolved sulfide grain boundaries and in sulfide fractures, contains lower medium-REE values (Nd<1000 ppm; Sm<2490 ppm), and yields an age of 2607 ± 5 Ma (n = 63; 30 grains; MSWD = 1.9), indicating a second period of gold mineralization. Our data imply that district-scale gold mineralization in the MVC formed during at least two short-lived hydrothermal periods with the bulk of orogenic gold introduced along the retrograde path of the orogenic cycle, ~25–30 million years post-peak metamorphism.
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Acknowledgements
The authors greatly appreciate the financial support for this study by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund Metal Earth project, particularly M.H. for the Metal Earth PhD funding (MERC-ME-2022-15). C.L. acknowledges support from the Canada Research Chair Program. The authors are grateful to B. Dubé and P. Mercier-Langevin for their insights on the geological history of the Abitibi. The authors greatly appreciate feedback from an anonymous reviewer and Dr. A. Mueller, whose comments helped to significantly improve the state of the manuscript. M.H. greatly thanks for accommodating the project, micro-analytical work, and logistical support at Université Laval by M. Choquette, S. Coté, and E. Rousseau; at Canadian Malartic Corp. by N. Houle and M. Bilodeau; at Wesdome Gold Mines Ltd. by M. Michaud and B. Turcotte; at Agnico Eagle Mines Ltd. by R. Morel, J.A. Marcotte, and D. Yergeau; at Eldorado Gold Corp. by J. Thelland, É. Gagnon, M. Le Bacq, and B. Gagnon; and at Probe Metals Inc. by M. Gagnon and B. Beh.
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126_2022_1131_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx
Supplementary file1 ESM1, Table A1.1 Geochronological compilation of individual analyses for the MVC sorted by descending dates. Table A1.2 Overview of previously studied hydrothermal vein sets and orebodies investigated in this study. Table A1.3 EPMA trace element data (wt.% oxide) of hydrothermal xenotimes (n = number of individual grains) showing elevated U, Th, or Pb contents. Table A1.4 LA-MC-ICPMS U–Pb data for xenotimes (n = number of individual grains) associated with gold mineralization. Table A1.5 LA-MC-ICPMS U–Pb data for xenotimes (n = number of individual grains) unrelated to gold mineralization (XLSX 1069 KB)
126_2022_1131_MOESM2_ESM.docx
Supplementary file2 ESM2, Figure A2.1 (A–E) U–Pb concordia diagrams compiled for all orebodies that contain xenotime grains either in textural equilibrium with Au-hosting sulfides or occurring as sulfide mineral inclusions displaying unanchored upper intercept dates and error ellipses plotted at 2σ (n = number of individual spot analyses and xenotime grains plotted; several spot analyses are available in larger xenotime grains). Figure A2.2 (A–D) U–Pb concordia diagrams compiled for all orebodies that contain xenotime grains in textural disequilibrium with Au-hosting sulfides through sulfide overgrowth and replacement textures displaying unanchored upper intercept dates and error ellipses plotted at 2σ (n = number of individual spot analyses and xenotime grains plotted; several spot analyses are available in larger xenotime grains) (DOCX 2540 KB)
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Herzog, M., LaFlamme, C., Beaudoin, G. et al. U–Pb vein xenotime geochronology constraints on timing and longevity of orogenic gold mineralization in the Malartic-Val-d’Or Camp, Abitibi Subprovince, Canada. Miner Deposita 58, 105–133 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01131-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01131-1