Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Seismic safety evaluation methodology for masonry building and retrofitting using splint and bandage technique with wire mesh

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The paper presents a seismic safety assessment of unreinforced masonry (URM) building using two approaches. The first approach uses the ‘Pier Analysis’ method, based on the concept of equivalent lateral stiffness, where in-plane and out-of-plane actions are considered independently. The second approach is developed with the program SAP2000, where the linear response is evaluated using continuum ‘finite element modelling’ (FEM). Both methods are compared to evaluate the safety of wall piers and the differences in the outcomes under combined gravitational and lateral seismic forces. The analysis results showed that few wall elements are unsafe in in-plane and out-of-plane tension. It is also observed that the pier analysis method is conservative compared to FEM, but can be used as a simplified and quick tool in design offices for safety assessment, with reasonable accuracy. To safeguard the URM wall piers under lateral loads, a retrofitting technique is adopted by providing vertical and horizontal belts called splints and bandages, respectively, using welded wire mesh (WWM) reinforcement. The study using the ‘Pier Analysis’ shows that the lateral load capacity of unsafe URM piers can be enhanced up to 3.67 times and made safe using the applied retrofitting technique. Further, the retrofitting design methodology and recommendations for application procedures to on-site URM buildings are discussed in detail.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Magenes G, Calvi G M. In-plane seismic response of brick masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 1997, 26(11): 1091–1112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tomazevic M. Earthquake Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings. London: Imperial College Press, 1999

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Abrams D P. Performance-based engineering concepts for unreinforced masonry building structures. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 2001, 3(1): 48–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Asteris P G, Chronopoulos M P, Chrysostomou C Z, Varum H, Plevris V, Kyriakides N, Silva V. Seismic vulnerability assessment of historical masonry structural systems. Engineering Structures, 2014, 62–63: 118–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sinha R, Brzev S. Housing Report: Unreinforced Brick Masonry Building with Reinforced Concrete Roof Slab. EERI and IAEE, 2002

  6. Padalu P K V R. Out-of-plane seismic behavior and strengthening of unreinforced masonry walls. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Roorkee: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 2019

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kadam S. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of masonry buildings. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Roorkee: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 2015

    Google Scholar 

  8. Agarwal P. Experimental study of seismic strengthening and retrofitting measures in masonry building. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Roorkee: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  9. Masood A. Out-of-plane behavior of unreinforced masonry infill panels. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Roorkee: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dubey R N. Experimental studies to verify the efficacy of earthquake resistant measures in masonry buildings. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Roorkee: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 2010

    Google Scholar 

  11. Jain S K, Murty C V R, Arlekar J N, Sinha R, Goyal A, Jain C K. Some observations on engineering aspects of the Jabalpur earthquake of 22 May 1997. EERI Special Earthquake Report, EERI Newsletter, 1997, 32(2): 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jain S K, Murty C V R, Arlekar J N, Rajendran C P, Rajendran K, Sinha R. Chamoli (Himalaya, India) earthquake of 29 March 1999. EERI Special Earthquake Report, EERI Newsletter, 1999, 33(7): 8

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sinha R, Shaw R, Goyal A, Choudhary M D, Jaiswal K, Saita J, Arai H, Pribadi K, Arya A S. The Bhuj Earthquake of January 26, 2001. Miki: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay and Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  14. Javed M, Naeem Khan A, Penna A, Magenes G. Behavior of masonry structures during the Kashmir 2005 earthquake. In: Proceedings of 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. Geneva: Curran Associates, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  15. Rai D C, Singhal V, Bhushan Raj S, Lalit Sagar S. Performance of residential buildings during the M 7. 8 Gorkha (Nepal) Earthquake of 25 April 2015. Current Science, 2015, 109(11): 2126–2135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Jagadish K S, Raghunath S, Rao K N. Behavior of masonry structures during the Bhuj earthquake of January 2001. Journal of Earth System Science, 2003, 112(3): 431–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jain S K. Earthquake safety in India: Achievements, challenges and opportunities. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2016, 14(5): 1337–1436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Farooq S H, Ilyas M. A study on failure pattern observed in masonry buildings during 8th October Hazara-Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan. In: Proceedings of 7th International Congress on Civil Engineering. Tehran: ICCE, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rossetto T, Peiris N. Observations of damage due to the Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 and study of current seismic provisions for buildings in Pakistan. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2009, 7(3): 681–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. FEMA P-774. Unreinforced Masonry Buildings and Earthquakes. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2009

    Google Scholar 

  21. EERI. Special Earthquake Report: Earthquake in Gujarat, India. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 2001

  22. Sinha R, Goyal A. Damage to buildings in Latur earthquake. Current Science, 1994, 67(5): 380–386

    Google Scholar 

  23. Sinha R, Murty C V R. The 1993 Killari Earthquake: Engineering lessons and challenges. Indian Concrete Journal, 1998, 72(11): 591–601

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kumar A, Sinha R. Rural Mud House with Pitched Roof. World Housing Encyclopedia Report, Report No. 23, 2003

  25. Bruneau M. State-of-the-art report on seismic performance of unreinforced masonry buildings. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1994, 120(1): 230–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Andreaus U. Failure criteria for masonry panels under in-plane loading. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1996, 122(1): 37–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Vasconcelos G. Experimental investigations on the mechanics of stone masonry: Characterization of granites and behavior of ancient masonry shear walls. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Braga: University of Minho, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rai D C, Goel S C. Seismic strengthening of rocking-critical masonry piers. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2007, 133(10): 1445–1452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee J, Li C, Oh S, Yang W, Yi W. Evaluation of rocking and toe crushing failure of unreinforced masonry walls. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2008, 11(5): 475–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tomazevic M. Shear resistance of masonry walls and Eurocode 6: Shear versus tensile strength of masonry. Materials and Structures, 2009, 42(7): 889–907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Quagliarini E, Maracchini G, Clementi F. Uses and limits of the Equivalent Frame Model on existing unreinforced masonry buildings for assessing their seismic risk: A review. Journal of Building Engineering, 2017, 10: 166–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Monaco M, Calderoni B, Lannuzzo A, Gesualdo A. Behavior of in-plane loaded masonry panels. Procedia Structural Integrity, 2018, 11: 388–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Calderini C, Cattari S, Lagomarsino S. In-plane strength of unreinforced masonry piers. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2009, 38(2): 243–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Mojsilović N. Strength of masonry subjected to in-plane loading: A contribution. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2011, 48(6): 865–873

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. Betti M, Galano L, Petracchi M, Vignoli A. Diagonal cracking shear strength of unreinforced masonry panels: A correction proposal of the b shape factor. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2015, 13(10): 3151–3186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Celano T, Argiento L U, Ceroni F, Casapulla C. Literature review of the in-plane behavior of masonry walls: Theoretical vs. experimental results. Materials (Basel), 2021, 14(11): 3063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Betti M, Galano L. Shear strength of rubble stone-and-brick masonry panels. A new proposal for the interpretation of Sheppard test results. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 279: 121925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Karantoni F V, Fardis M N. Computed versus observed seismic response and damage of masonry buildings. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1992, 118(7): 1804–1821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ingham J M, Griffith M C. Performance of unreinforced masonry buildings during the 2010 Darfield (Christchurch, NZ) earthquake. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2010, 11(3): 207–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Dizhur D, Ingham J, Griffith M C, Biggs D, Schultz A. Performance of unreinforced masonry and infilled RC buildings during the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake sequence. In: Proceedings of 16th Brick and Block Masonry Conference. Padova: CRC Press, 2016: 2399–2407

    Google Scholar 

  41. Padalu P K V R, Singh Y, Das S. Experimental study of comparative efficacy of out-of-plane strengthening of masonry walls using FRP and Wire/Textile reinforced mortar. In: Proceedings of 17th Brick and Block Masonry Conference. Krakow: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, 2020: 379–387

    Google Scholar 

  42. Griffith M C, Vaculik J, Wilson J, Lumantarna E. Cyclic testing of unreinforced masonry walls in two-way bending. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2007, 36(6): 801–821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Senaldi I, Magenes G, Penna A, Galasco A, Rota M. The effect of stiffened floor and roof diaphragms on the experimental seismic response of a full-scale unreinforced stone masonry buildings. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2014, 18(3): 407–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sathiparan N. Effect of roof diaphragm on masonry structures under dynamic loading. Earthquakes and Structures, 2016, 10(2): 351–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Graziotti F, Guerrini G, Kallioras S, Marchesi B, Rossi A, Tomassetti U, Penna A, Magenes G. Shaking table test on a full-scale unreinforced clay masonry building with flexible diaphragms. In: Proceedings of 13th Canadian Masonry Symposium (CMS). Halifax: Canada Masonry Design Center, 2017

    Google Scholar 

  46. Meisl C S, Elwood K J, Ventura C. Shake table tests on the out-of-plane response of unreinforced masonry walls. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2007, 34(11): 1381–1392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Betti M, Galano L, Vignoli A. Comparative analysis on the seismic behavior of unreinforced masonry buildings with flexible diaphragms. Engineering Structures, 2014, 61: 195–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Lawrence S J, Marshall R J. Virtual work approach to design of masonry walls under lateral loading. DRM429: CSIRO Division of Building, Construction and Engineering, 1996

  49. Menon A, Magenes G. Out-of-Plane Seismic Response of Unreinforced Masonry Definition of Seismic Input. Research Report ROSE, 2008

  50. Menon A, Magenes G. Definition of seismic input for out-of-plane response of masonry walls: I. Parametric study. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2011, 15(2): 165–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Menon A, Magenes G. Definition of seismic input for out-of-plane response of masonry walls: II. Formulation. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2011, 15(2): 195–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Paulay T, Priestley M J N. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992

    Book  Google Scholar 

  53. Velazquez-Dimas J I, Ehsani M R. Modeling out-of-plane behavior of URM walls retrofitted with fiber composites. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2000, 4(4): 172–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Tomazevic M, Lutman M, Velechovsky T. The influence of rigidity of floor on the seismic behavior of old stone-masonry buildings. European Earthquake Engineering, 1991, 3: 28–41

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lourenco P B, Mendes N, Ramos L F, Oliveira D V. Analysis of masonry structures without box behavior. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2011, 4–5: 369–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Vintzileou E, Mouzakis C, Adami C E, Karapitta L. Seismic behavior of three-leaf stone masonry buildings before and after interventions: Shaking table tests on a two-storey masonry model. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2015, 13(10): 3107–3133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Brignola A, Pampanin S, Podesta S. Evaluation and control of the in-plane stiffness of timber floors for the performance-based retrofit of URM buildings. Bulletin of New Zealand National Society of Earthquake Engineering, 2009, 42(3): 204–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Magenes G, Penna A, Rota M, Galasco A, Senaldi I. Shaking table test of a full-scale stone masonry building with flexible diaphragms. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2014, 8(3): 349–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Kollerathu J A, Menon A. Role of diaphragm flexibility modelling in seismic analysis of existing masonry structures. Structures, 2017, 11: 22–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Padalu P K V R, Singh Y, Das S. Out-of-plane flexural behavior of masonry wallettes strengthened using FRP composites and externally bonded grids: Comparative study. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2019, 176: 107302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Padalu P K V R, Singh Y, Das S. Out-of-plane flexural strengthening of URM wallettes using basalt fiber reinforced polymer composite. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 216: 272–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Padalu P K V R, Singh Y, Das S. Efficacy of basalt fiber reinforced cement mortar composite for out-of-plane strengthening of unreinforced masonry. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 191: 1172–1190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Gattesco N, Boem I. Out of plane behavior of reinforced masonry walls: Experimental and numerical study. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2017, 128: 39–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. De Santis S, De Canio G, De Felice G, Meriggi P, Roselli I. Out-of-plane seismic retrofitting of masonry walls with textile reinforced mortar composites. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2019, 17(11): 6265–6300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Padalu P K V R, Singh Y, Das S. Cyclic two-way out-of-plane testing of unreinforced masonry walls retrofitted using composite materials. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 238: 117784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Padalu P K V R, Singh Y, Das S. Tensile properties of wire and fiber reinforced cementitious matrix composites for strengthening of masonry. Structures, 2020, 23: 164–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Shabdin M, Zargaran M, Attari N K A. Experimental diagonal tension (shear) test of un-reinforced masonry (URM) walls strengthened with textile reinforced mortar (TRM). Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 164: 704–715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Padalu P K V R, Singh Y, Das S. Experimental investigation of out-of-plane behavior of URM wallettes strengthened using welded wire mesh. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 190: 1133–1153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Chellappa S, Dubey R N. Performance evaluation of a reinforced masonry model and an unreinforced masonry model using a shake table testing facility. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2018, 32(1): 04017121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Kadam S, Singh Y, Li B. Experimental investigations on masonry buildings strengthened using ferro-cement overlay under dynamic loading. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 2020, 57(1): 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  71. Arya A S. Model studies of masonry buildings as related to earthquake resistant design requirements. In: Proceedings of International Research Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Skopje: IEEES, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  72. Arya A S, Srivastava L S, Gupta S P. Survey of damages during the Dhamar Earthquake of 13 December 1982 in Yemen Arab Republic. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1985, 75(2): 597–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Karantoni F V, Fardis M N. Effectiveness of seismic strengthening techniques for masonry buildings. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1992, 118(7): 1884–1902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Karantoni F V, Fardis M N, Vintzeleou E, Harisis A. Effectiveness of seismic strengthening interventions. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Structural Preservation of the Architectural Heritage. Rome: IABSE Reports, 1993: 549–556

    Google Scholar 

  75. Karantoni F V, Fardis M N. Assessment of intervention techniques for seismic strengthening of masonry buildings. In: Proceedings of 1st International Congress on Restoration of the Architectural Heritage and Building. Canarias, 1992: 174–180

  76. Karantoni F V, Fardis M N. Analytical study of strengthening techniques for earthquake resistant masonry buildings. In: Proceedings of 9th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Moscow: Kucherenko Tsniisk of the USSR Gosstroy, 1990: 125–134

    Google Scholar 

  77. Karantoni F V, Fardis M N. Assessment of Analysis Methods and of Strengthening Techniques for Earthquake Resistant Masonry Structures. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Structural Conservation of Stone Masonry—Diagnosis, Repair and Strengthening. Athens: ICCROM, 1989: 155–163

    Google Scholar 

  78. IS 4326. Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings—Code of Practice. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 2002

  79. Arya A S. Seismic retrofitting of stone houses in Marathwada Area, India. In: Proceedings of 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Acapulco: Elsevier Science, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  80. IS 13935. Seismic Evaluation, Repair and Strengthening of Masonry Buildings—Guidelines. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 2009

  81. Shrestha H, Pradhan S, Guragain R. Experiences on retrofitting of low strength masonry buildings by different retrofitting techniques in Nepal. In: 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon: Lisboa SPES, 2012

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ashraf M, Khan A N, Ali Q, Khan S, Naseer A. Experimental behavior of full scale URM building retrofitted with ferrocement overlay. Advanced Materials Research, 2011, 255–260: 319–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Betti M, Galano L, Vignoli A. Time-history seismic analysis of masonry buildings: A comparison between two non-linear modelling approaches. Buildings, 2015, 5(2): 597–621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Padalu P K V R, Singh Y, Das S. Analytical modelling of out-of-plane flexural response of unreinforced and strengthened masonry walls. Engineering Structures, 2020, 218: 110797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Parisse F, Cattari S, Marques R, Lourenço P B, Magenes G, Beyer K, Calderoni B, Camata G, Cordasco E A, Erberik M A, İçel C, Karakaya M, Malomo D, Manzini C F, Marano C, Messali F, Occhipinti G, Pantò B, Saygılı Ö, Sousamli M. Benchmarking the seismic assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings from a blind prediction test. Structures, 2021, 31: 982–1005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Ravichandran N, Losanno D, Parisi F. Comparative assessment of finite element macro-modelling approaches for seismic analysis of non-engineered masonry constructions. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2021, 19(13): 5565–5607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Lagomarsino S, Penna A, Galasco A, Cattari S. Tremuri program: An equivalent frame model for the non-linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings. Engineering Structures, 2013, 56: 1787–1799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Kadam S, Singh Y, Li B. Seismic fragility reduction of an unreinforced masonry school building through retrofit using ferrocement overlay. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2020, 19(2): 397–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Demirlioglu K, Gonen S, Soyoz S, Limongelli M P. In-plane seismic response analyses of a historical brick masonry building using equivalent frame and 3D FEM modeling approaches. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2020, 14(2): 238–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Zucchini A, Lourenco P B. A micro-mechanical homogenization model for masonry: Application to shear walls. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2009, 46(3–4): 871–886

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  91. Lemos J V. Discrete element modelling of masonry structures. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2007, 1(2): 190–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Ferreira T M, Mendes N, Silva R. Multiscale seismic vulnerability assessment and retrofit of existing masonry buildings. Buildings, 2019, 9(4): 91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Pandey B K, Meguro K. Simulation of brick masonry wall behavior under in-plane lateral loading using applied element method. In: Proceedings of 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver: WCEE Secretariat, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  94. Kamran A S, Khan R A. Seismic performance of heritage school building. Procedia Engineering, 2017, 173: 1763–1770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Lourenço P B, Rots J G. A multi-surface interface model for the analysis of masonry structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1997, 123(7): 660–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Calderini C, Lagomarsino S. Continuum model for in-plane anisotropic inelastic behavior of masonry. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2008, 134(2): 209–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Augenti N, Parisi N. Non-linear static analysis of masonry structures. In: Proceedings of 13th Italian national Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Bologna, Italy, 2009

  98. Drysdale R G, Hamid A A, Baker L R. Masonry Structures Behavior and Design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  99. Taly N. Design Of Reinforced Masonry Structures. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Publications, 2010

    Google Scholar 

  100. Schneider R R, Dickey W L. Reinforced Masonry Design. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  101. Petrovcic S, Kilar V. Seismic failure mode interaction for the equivalent frame modeling of unreinforced masonry structures. Engineering Structures, 2013, 54: 9–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Siano R, Camata G, Sepe V, Spacone E, Roca P, Pela L. Numerical validation of equivalent-frame models for URM walls. In: Proceedings of 7th European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering. Crete Island: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 2016

    Book  Google Scholar 

  103. Kappos A J, Penelis G G, Drakopoulos C G. Evaluation of simplified models for lateral load analysis of unreinforced masonry buildings. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2002, 128(7): 890–897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Tomazevic M. The computer program POR. Report ZRMK, 1978

  105. Magenes G. A method for pushover analysis in seismic assessment of masonry buildings. In: Proceedings of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Auckland: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 2000: 1866–1875

  106. Penna A, Galasco A, Lagomarsino S. A nonlinear macro-element model for the seismic analysis of masonry buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2014, 43(2): 159–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Kollerathu J A. Non-linear modelling and seismic analysis of existing unreinforced masonry structures. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Chennai: Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 2017

    Google Scholar 

  108. IS 1893 (Part-I). Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Design of Structures. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 2016

  109. IS 875 (Part-I). Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures—Dead Loads. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1987

  110. IS 875 (Part-2). Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures—Imposed Loads. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1987

  111. IS 1905. Code of Practice for Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonry. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1987

  112. IS 456. Plain and Reinforced Concrete—Code of Practice. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 2000

  113. ISET. A Manual of Earthquake Resistant Non-Engineered Construction, 2001

  114. IS 13828. Improving earthquake resistance of low strength masonry buildings—Guidelines. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1993

  115. CSI. Analysis Reference Manual for SAP 2000 Version 17, 2010

  116. Angelis A D, Maddaloni G, Pecce M R. Seismic vulnerability assessment of a monumental masonry building. Infrastructures, 2020, 5(11): 93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Choudhury T, Milani G, Kaushik H B. Comprehensive numerical approaches for the design and safety assessment of masonry buildings retrofitted with steel bands in developing countries: The case of India. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 85: 227–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Monteiro M, Bento R. Seismic characterization and evaluation of an old masonry building. In: Proceedings of 50SE-EEE (1963-2013) International Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Macedonia, 2013

Download references

Acknowledgements

The first author has received a research assistantship from the Rail Vikas Nigam Limited, Rishikesh, Government of India project of Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (No. EQD-6031/2019-20), for conducting this research work. The support received from the grant authority is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earthquake Engineering Research Center, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad (IIIT-H), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500032, India

    Pravin Kumar Venkat Rao Padalu

  2. Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Yogendra Singh

Authors
  1. Pravin Kumar Venkat Rao Padalu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yogendra Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pravin Kumar Venkat Rao Padalu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Padalu, P.K.V.R., Singh, Y. Seismic safety evaluation methodology for masonry building and retrofitting using splint and bandage technique with wire mesh. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 16, 478–505 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-022-0817-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-022-0817-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation