Abstract
In this paper, we proposed a novel piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid vibration energy harvester (HVEH). The HVEH has a unique structure, which enables it to work in an ultra-low frequency environment. An amplification structure amplifies the input displacement, increasing the displacement distance of the magnets. The motion of the magnets causes the frequency up-conversion of the piezoelectric cantilever beam. As the magnets move back and forth, the piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (PVEH) generates a stable output energy. A closed magnetic circuit is designed for electromagnetic vibration energy harvester (EVEH) with a pair of magnets and a soft magnetic core. The pair of magnets with opposite polarities changes the direction of magnetic flux in the coil by 180°, resulting the EVEH to harvest more energy. The combination of piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesters makes the energy harvester obtain higher output energy. The experimental results show that, in the cycle experiments with a frequency of 5 Hz, the maximum peak-to-peak open-circuit voltage of the PVEH and the EVEH is 40.39 V and 36.87 V, respectively. The optimal load resistance and the maximum output power of the PVEH are 398.7 kΩ and 87.9 μW, while the EVEH’s are 3.2 kΩ and 2.173 mW, respectively. In addition, the charging characteristics of the HVEH through a 3300 uF capacitor indicated that the voltage growth of the HVEH is faster than that of the single energy harvester at the same time. The experimental results demonstrate great potential of the proposed energy harvester in various applications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arroyo E, Badel A, Formosa F, Wu Y, Qiu J (2012) Comparison of electromagnetic and piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters: model and experiments. Sens Actuat a: Phys 183:148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2012.04.033
Beeby SP, Tudor MJ, White NM (2006) Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications. Meas Sci Technol 17:R175–R195. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/17/12/R01
Bolat FC, Basaran S, Sivrioglu S (2019) Piezoelectric and electromagnetic hybrid energy harvesting with low-frequency vibrations of an aerodynamic profile under the air effect. Mech Syst Signal Pr 133:106246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.106246
Cheng XK, Deng GL, Zhou C, Yang ZX, Shen Q (2017) Research on a kind of piezoelectric flexible amplification mechanism based on lever principle. 2nd IEEE Adv Inf Technol, Electron Autom Control Conf 880–884. https://doi.org/10.1109/IAEAC.2017.8054140
Elvin NG, Elvin AA (2011) An experimentally validated electromagnetic energy harvester. J Sound Vib 330:2314–2324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2010.11.024
Fang HB, Liu JQ, Xu ZY, Dong L, Wang L, Chen D, Cai BC, Liu Y (2006) Fabrication and performance of MEMS-based piezoelectric power generator for vibration energy harvesting. Microelectron J 37(11):1280–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2006.07.023
Halim MA, Cho H, Park JY (2015) Design and experiment of a human-limb driven, frequency up-converted electro-magnetic energy harvester. Energy Convers Manag 106:393–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.09.065
Halim MA, Rantz R, Zhang Q, Gu L, Yang K, Roundy S (2018) An electromagnetic rotational energy harvester using sprung eccentric rotor, driven by pseudo-walking motion. Appl Energy 217:66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.093
Iqbal M, Khan FU (2018) Hybrid vibration and wind energy harvesting using combined piezoelectric and electromagnetic conversion for bridge health monitoring applications. Energy Convers Manag 172:611–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.07.044
Iqbal S, Shakoor RI, Lai YJ, Malik AM, Bazaz SA (2019) Experimental evaluation of force and amplification factor of three different variants of flexure based micro displacement amplification mechanism. Microsyst Technol 25:2889–2906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-019-04313-6
Javed U, Abdelkefi A (2019) Characteristics and comparative analysis of piezoelectric-electromagnetic energy harvesters from vortex-induced oscillations. Nonlinear Dyn 95:3309–3333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-018-04757-x
Kecik K (2021) Simultaneous vibration mitigation and energy harvesting from a pendulum-type absorber. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 92:105479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2020.105479
Khan FU, Ahmad S (2019) Flow type electromagnetic based energy harvester for pipeline health monitoring system. Energy Convers Manag 200:112089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112089
Lefeuvre E, Badel A, Richard C, Petit L, Guyomar D (2006) A comparison between several vibration-powered piezoelectric generators for standalone systems. Sens Actuat a: Phys 126(2):405–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2005.10.043
Li WG, He S, Yu S (2010) Improving power density of a cantilever piezoelectric power harvester through a curved L-shaped proof mass. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57(3):868–876. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2030761
Liu ZW, Wang X, Ding SL, Zhang R, McNabb L (2019) A new concept of speed amplified nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester through fixed pulley wheel mechanisms and magnetic springs. Mech Syst Signal Process 126:305–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.02.010
Lu QG, Nie Q, Jiang XY, Cao QH, Chen DF (2016) Magnetostrictive actuator with differential displacement amplification mechanism. Mechanika 22(4):273–278. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.22.4.16166
Lueke J, Moussa WA (2011) MEMS-based power genertion techniques for implantable biosensing appliations. Sens 11(2):1433–1460. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110201433
Mallick D, Constantinou P, Podder P, Roy S (2017) Multi-frequency MEMS electromagnetic energy harvesting. Sens Actuat a: Phys 264:247–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.08.002
Marzencki M, Ammar Y, Basrour S (2008) Integrated power harvesting system including a MEMS generator and a power management circuit. Sens Actuat a: Phys 145–146:363–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2007.10.073
Pan B, Zhao HZ, Zhao CX, Zhang PZ, Hu HJ (2019) Nonlinear characteristics of compliant bridge-type displacement amplification mechanisms. Precis Eng 60:246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2019.08.012
Qi KQ, Xiang Y, Fang C, Zhang Y, Yu CS (2015) Analysis of the displacement amplification ratio of bridge-type mechanism. Mech Mach Theory 87:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2014.12.013
Ren HL, Wang T (2018) Development and modeling of an electromagnetic energy harvester from pressure fluctuations. Mechatronics 49:36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2017.11.008
Roundy S (2005) On the effectiveness of vibration-based energy harvesting. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 16(10):809–823. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X05054042
Roundy S, Wright PK (2004) A piezoelectric vibration based generator for wireless electronics. Smart Mater Struct 13(5):1131–1142. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/13/5/018
Roundy S, Wright PK, Rabaey J (2003) A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes. Comput Commun 26(11):1131–1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-3664(02)00248-7
Salunke SV, Roy S, Jagtap KR (2018) Modeling of piezoelectric energy harvester and comparative performance study of the proof mass for eigen frequency. Mater Today Proc 5(2):4309–4316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.696
Sampath N, Ezhilarasi D (2018) Analysis of cantilevered piezoelectric harvester with different proof mass geometry for low frequency vibrations. Mater Today Proc 5(10):21335–21342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.537
Toyabur RM, Salauddin M, Cho H, Park JY (2018) A multimodal hybrid energy harvester based on piezoelectric-electromagnetic mechanisms for low-frequency ambient vibrations. Energy Convers Manag 168:454–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.018
Uddin MN, Islam MS, Sampe J, Wahab SA, Ali SHM (2016) Proof mass effect on piezoelectric cantilever beam for vibrational energy harvesting using finite element method. ICRAMET. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRAMET.2016.7849574
Usharani R, Uma G, Umapathy M, Choi SB (2017) A new piezoelectric-patched cantilever beam with a step section for high performance of energy harvesting. Sens Actuat a: Phys 265:47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.08.031
Wang ZW, Li TJ (2021) A semi-analytical model for energy harvesting of flexural wave propagation on thin plates by piezoelectric composite beam resonators. Mech Syst Signal Pr 147:107137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107137
Wang X, Chen CS, Wang N, San HS, Yu YX, Halvorsen E, Chen XY (2017) A frequency and bandwidth tunable piezoelectric vibration energy harvester using multiple nonlinear techniques. Appl Energy 190:368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.168
Wu H, Tang LH, Yang YW, Soh CK (2012) A compact 2 degree-of-freedom energy harvester with cut-out cantilever beam. Jpn J Appl Phys 51:040211. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.51.040211
Xia HK, Chen RW, Ren L (2015) Analysis of piezoelectric–electromagnetic hybrid vibration energy harvester under different electrical boundary conditions. Sens Actuat a: Phys 234:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2015.08.014
Xiong YZ, Song F, Leng XH (2020) A piezoelectric cantilever-beam energy harvester (PCEH) with a rectangular hole in the metal substrate. Microsyst Technol 26:801–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-019-04608-8
Zeadally S, Shaikh FK, Talpur A, Sheng QZ (2020) Design architectures for energy harvesting in the Internet of Things. Renew Sust Energ Rev 128:109901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109901
Zhang LB, Dai HL, Abdelkefi A, Wang L (2019a) Experimental investigation of aerodynamic energy harvester with different interference cylinder cross-sections. Energy 167:970–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.059
Zhang LB, Dai HL, Yang YW, Wang L (2019b) Design of high-efficiency electromagnetic energy harvester based on a rolling magnet. Energy Convers Manag 185:202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.01.089
Zhao Q, Liu YN, Wang LB, Yang HL, Cao DW (2018) Design method for piezoelectric cantilever beam structure under low frequency condition. Int J Pavement Res Technol 11(2):153–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.08.001
Acknowledgements
This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51505273).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Song, F., Xiong, Y. Design of a piezoelectric–electromagnetic hybrid vibration energy harvester operating under ultra-low frequency excitation. Microsyst Technol 28, 1785–1795 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-022-05332-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-022-05332-6