Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Saur June 28, 2022

The University Library’s Strategic Process: Competing Through Plans, Positions, and Resources

  • William B. Edgar EMAIL logo
From the journal Libri

Abstract

The traditional notion of university library strategy has been that of a pattern of goal-oriented activities that implement a strategic plan. Through conceptual analysis, this paper integrates strategic planning with two other perspectives—strategy based upon competitive position and upon library resources—to propose that a university library can best serve its academic community through a “strategic process” when supporting research and teaching. Drawing extensively upon applicable library science and strategic management literature, the paper presents the potential contribution of each perspective and of the entire strategic process using relevant examples. Successfully applying the strategic process enables university library managers to move forward with optimism in difficult competitive and financial situations. The process enables the university library to gain sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors by providing faculty and students with intellectual value in support of their discovery and education. As it operates, the strategic process empowers the university library to fulfill its traditional mission—providing persistent, generalized access to information—but to do so in transformed ways. The process also enhances library managers’ ability to communicate such successes to university decision-makers, illuminating the library’s effective use of scarce financial resources.


Corresponding author: William B. Edgar, Information School, Kent State University, 1125 Risman Dr, Kent, OH 44243, USA, E-mail:

Funding source: University of Arizona

Funding source: Marquette University

Funding source: Missouri State University

Acknowledgments

I thank the following for their thoughtful comments on drafts of this article: Jana Bradley, Martin Fricke, Leslie Kent Kunkel, Patricia Overall, and Tom Wilding, of the University of Arizona; William C. Welburn, of Marquette University; Dean Emeritus Karen Horny, Lynn Cline, and Andrea Miller, of Missouri State University; Series Editor Anne Woodsworth and an anonymous reviewer of the monographic series Advances in Librarianship.

  1. Research funding: This paper was written with no funding support.

References

Adner, R., and C. E. Helfat. 2003. “Corporate Effects and Dynamic Managerial Capabilities.” Strategic Management Journal 24 (10): 1011–25, https://doi.org/10.1177/2340944420916309.Search in Google Scholar

Association of College and Research Libraries. 2000. Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education. Chicago: American Library Association. http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf (accessed November 10, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Association of College & Research Libraries. 2016. Framework for Information Literacy in Higher Education. Chicago: American Library Association. https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework (accessed November 10, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Association of College & Research Libraries. 2010. The Value of Academic Libraries Report. Chicago, Illinois: Oakleaf.Search in Google Scholar

Atkinson, R. 1996. “Library Functions, Scholarly Communication and the Foundation of the Digital Library: Laying Claim to the Control Zone.” Library Quarterly 66 (3): 239–65, https://doi.org/10.1086/602884.Search in Google Scholar

Austin, J. 2006. “Standardized Learning Outcomes: Assessing and Recording Achievement in Non-accredited Adult Education Courses.” In Revisiting Outcomes Assessment in Higher Education, edited by Hernon, P. E., Dugan, R. E. and Schwartz, C., 221–39. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.Search in Google Scholar

Barney, J. 1991. “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.” Journal of Management 17 (1): 99–120, https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108.Search in Google Scholar

Barney, J. 2001. “Is the Resource-Based ‘View’ a Useful Perspective for Strategic Research? Yes.” Academy of Management Review 26 (1): 41–56, https://doi.org/10.2307/259393.Search in Google Scholar

Bielavitz, T. 2011. “A Content Analysis of the Strategic Plans of the Coalition of Urban Serving Universities’ Academic Libraries.” Urban Library Journal 17 (1): 1–19, https://doi.org/10.31641/ulj170101.Search in Google Scholar

Birdsall, D. G., and O. D. Hensley. 1994. “A New Strategic Planning Model for Academic Libraries.” College & Research Libraries 55 (2): 149–59, https://doi.org/10.5860/crl_55_02_149.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, W. A., and B. A. Gonzalez. 2007. “Academic Libraries: Should Strategic Planning be Renewed?” Technical Services Quarterly 24 (3): 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1300/J124v24n03_01.Search in Google Scholar

Caballero, C. 2002. “Strategic Planning as a Prerequisite to Strategic Marketing Action in Libraries and Information Agencies.” In Strategic Marketing in Library and Information Science, edited by Owens, I., 33–59. Binghamton: Haworth Information Press.10.1300/J101v14n28_03Search in Google Scholar

Cain, L. J., and W. F. Louden. 1990. “University Libraries and Academic Strategic Planning at the University of Cincinnati.” Journal of Library Administration 13 (3–4): 167–79.10.1300/J111v13n03_13Search in Google Scholar

Cameron, K. S., and R. E. Quinn. 1999. Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework. Reading: Addison-Wesley.Search in Google Scholar

Collis, D. J., and C. A. Montgomery. 1995. “Competing on Resources: Strategy in the 1990s.” Harvard Business Review 73 (4): 118–28.10.1016/B978-0-7506-7088-3.50005-XSearch in Google Scholar

Conner, K. R. 1991. “A Historical Comparison of Resource-Based Theory and Five Schools of Thought Within Industrial Economics: Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm?” Journal of Management 17 (1): 121–54, https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700109.Search in Google Scholar

Conner, K. R., and C. K. Prahalad. 1996. “A Resource-based Theory of the Firm: Knowledge Versus Opportunism.” Organization Science 7 (5): 477–501, https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.7.5.477.Search in Google Scholar

Corrall, S. 2001. Strategic Management of Information Services: A Planning Handbook. London: ASLIB/IMI.Search in Google Scholar

Cox, A. M., M. A. Kennan, L. Lyon, S. Pinfield, and L. Sbaffi. 2019. “Maturing Research Data Services and the Transformation of Academic Libraries.” Journal of Documentation 75 (6): 1432–62, https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-12-2018-0211.Search in Google Scholar

Creswell, J. W., and J. D. Creswell. 2018. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Dabour, K., and K. Kott. 2017. “Dialogic Approaches to Strategic Planning in Academic Libraries: An Appreciative Inquiry Case Study at Oviatt Library.” Journal of Library Administration 57: 468–80, https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2017.1300499.Search in Google Scholar

Decker, R., and M. Hopner. 2006. “Strategic Planning and Customer Intelligence in Academic Libraries.” Library Hi Tech 24 (4): 504–14, https://doi.org/10.1108/07378830610715374.Search in Google Scholar

De Jager, K. 2002. “Impacts and Outcomes: Searching for the Most Elusive Indicators of Academic Library Performance.” In Meaningful Measures for Emerging Realities: Proceedings of the 4th Northumbria International Conference on Performance Measurement in Libraries and Information Services, 291–7. Washington: Association of Research Libraries.Search in Google Scholar

Detmering, R., and P. Payette. 2021. “Finding a New Fit for Student Success: Librarians as Agents of Teaching Innovation and Institutional Change.” Journal of Library Administration 61 (8): 947–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2021.1984138.Search in Google Scholar

Dewey, B. 2009. “Through Any Means Available: Connecting People With Scholarship.” Journal of Library Administration 49 (5): 533–44, https://doi.org/10.1080/01930820903090912.Search in Google Scholar

Dierickx, I., and K. Cool. 1989. “Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage.” Management Science 35 (12): 1504–13, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.12.1504.Search in Google Scholar

Dole, W. V. 2013. “Strategic Planning and Assessment: Pigs of the Same Sow?” Journal of Library Administration 53 (4): 283–92, https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2013.865397.Search in Google Scholar

Donaldson, T., and L. E. Preston. 1995. “The Stakeholder Theory of the Organization: Concepts, Evidence, Implications.” Academy of Management Review 20 (1): 65–9, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9503271992.Search in Google Scholar

Dugan, R. E., P. E. Hernon, and D. A. Nitecki. 2009. Viewing Library Metrics from Different Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries.Search in Google Scholar

Edgar, W. B. 2004. “A Theoretical Approach to University Library Strategy.” In Proceedings of the 67th ASIST Annual Meeting: Managing and Enhancing Information: Cultures and Conflicts, 472–8. Medford: Information Today.10.1002/meet.1450410155Search in Google Scholar

Edgar, W. B. 2006. “Questioning LibQUAL+TM: Expanding its Assessment of Academic Library Effectiveness.” Portal: Libraries and the Academy 6 (4): 445–65.10.1353/pla.2006.0050Search in Google Scholar

Edgar, W. B., R. Besara, and J. Baumlin. eds. 2018 In The Living Ozarks: The Ecology and Culture of a Natural Place. Series in Ozarks History and Culture, Vol. 1. Springfield: Missouri State University, The Ozarks Studies Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Educause. 2021. 2021 Educause Horizon Report Teaching and Learning Edition. Educause.Search in Google Scholar

Egels-Zanden, N., and J. Sandberg. 2010. “Distinctions in Descriptive and Instrumental Stakeholder Theory: A Challenge for Empirical Research.” Business Ethics: A European Review 19 (1): 35–49, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01577.x.Search in Google Scholar

Eisenhardt, K. M., and J. Martin. 2000. “Dynamic Capabilities: What Are They?” Strategic Management Journal 21: 1105–21, https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11<1105::AID-SMJ133>3.0.CO;2-E.10.1002/9781405164054.ch21Search in Google Scholar

Evans, P., and T. S. Wurster. 2000. Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Search in Google Scholar

Fassin, Y. 2009. “The Stakeholder Model Refined.” Journal of Business Ethics 84: 113–35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9677-4.Search in Google Scholar

Fernandez-Molina, D. Martinez-Avila, and E. G. Silvac. 2020. “University Copyright/Scholarly Communication Offices: Analysis of Their Services and Staff Profile.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 40: 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102133.Search in Google Scholar

Ferriero, D. S., and T. L. Wilding. 1991. “Mapping the Future: Strategic Planning in a Research Library Environment.” IATUL Quarterly 5 (1): 47–58.Search in Google Scholar

Fowler, S. W., A. W. King, S. W. Marsh, and B. Victor. 2000. “Beyond Products: New Strategic Imperatives For Developing Competencies in Dynamic Environments.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 17: 357–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-4748(00)00029-1.Search in Google Scholar

Franklin, B. 2009. “Aligning Library Strategy and Structure with the Campus Academic Plan: A Case Study.” Journal of Library Administration 49 (5): 495–505, https://doi.org/10.1080/01930820903090862.Search in Google Scholar

Freeman, R. E. 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Gardner, L. 2021. The Great Contraction: Cuts Alone Will Not Be Enough to Turn Colleges’ Fortunes Around. The Chronicle of Higher Education. February 19, 2021, issue.Search in Google Scholar

Germano, M. A., and S. M. Stretch-Stephenson. 2012. “Strategic Value Planning for Libraries.” The Bottom Line 25: 71–88, https://doi.org/10.1108/08880451211256405.Search in Google Scholar

Ghemawat, P. 2002. “Competition and Business Strategy in Historical Perspective.” Business History Review 76 (1): 37–74, https://doi.org/10.2307/4127751.Search in Google Scholar

Glowacka, E. 2019. “Research on the Impact of Libraries—Areas, Methods, Indicators.” Library Management 40 (8/9): 583–92, https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-02-2019-0005.Search in Google Scholar

Grant, R. M. 1996. “Prospering in Dynamically Competitive Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration.” Organization Science 7 (4): 375–87, https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.7.4.375.Search in Google Scholar

Greenstein, D. 2010. “Strategies for Sustaining the University Library.” Portal: Libraries and the Academy 10 (2): 121–5, https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.0.0093.Search in Google Scholar

Hamel, G., and C. K. Prahalad. 1994. Competing for the Future. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Search in Google Scholar

Haricombe, L. J., and B. J. Boettcher. 2004. “Using LibQUAL+TM Data in Strategic Planning: Bowling Green State University.” Journal of Library Administration 40 (3/4): 181–95, https://doi.org/10.1300/J111v40n03_14.Search in Google Scholar

Hasnas, J. 2013. “Whither Stakeholder Theory? A Guide for the Perplexed Revisited.” Journal of Business Ethics 112: 47–57, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1231-8.Search in Google Scholar

Hayes, R. M. 1993. Strategic Management for Academic Libraries: A Handbook. Westport: Greenwood Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hayes, R. M., and V. A. Walter. 1996. Strategic Management for Public Libraries: A Handbook. Westport: Greenwood Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hernon, P. F., and R. E. Dugan, eds. 2004. Outcomes Assessment in Higher Education: Views and Perspectives. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.Search in Google Scholar

Hernon, P. F., R. E. Dugan, and C. Schwarz, eds. 2006. Revisiting Outcomes Assessment in Higher Education. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.Search in Google Scholar

Himmel, E., and W. J. Wilson. 1998. Planning for Results: A Public Library Transformation Process. Chicago: American Library Association.Search in Google Scholar

Kaarst-Brown, M., S. Nicholson, G. von Dran, and J. M. Stanton. 2004. “Organizational Cultures of Libraries as a Strategic Resource.” Library Trends 53 (1): 33–53.Search in Google Scholar

Kettunen, J. 2007. “The Strategic Evaluation of Academic Libraries.” Library Hi Tech 25 (3): 409–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2010.05.002.Search in Google Scholar

Koenig, M. E. D., and L. Kerson. 1983. “Strategic and Long-Range Planning in Libraries and Information Centers.” In Advances in Library Administration and Organization, 199–258. Greenwich: JAI Press.Search in Google Scholar

Knightly, J. J. 1979. “Overcoming the Criterion Problem in the Evaluation of Library Performance.” Special Libraries 70 (4): 173–8.Search in Google Scholar

Kraaijenbrink, S., J. C. Spinder, and A. J. Groen. 2010. “The Resource-Based View: A Review and Assessment of its Critiques.” Journal of Management 36 (1): 349–72, https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309350775.Search in Google Scholar

Kyrillidou, M. 2002. “From Input and Output Measures to Quality and Outcome Measures, or, From the User in the Life of the Library to the Library in the Life of the User.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 28 (1–2): 42–6, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-1333(01)00299-3.Search in Google Scholar

Lado, A. A., N. G. Boyd, P. Wright, and N. Kroll. 2006. “Paradox and Theorizing Within the Resource-Based View.” Academy of Management Review 31 (1): 115–31, https://doi.org/10.2307/20159188.Search in Google Scholar

Ladwig, J. P. 2005. “Assess the State of Your Strategic Plan.” Library Administration and Management 19 (2): 90.Search in Google Scholar

Lane, G. 2002. “Developing Outcome-based Indicators: Resources’ Learning and Access Standards.” In Meaningful Measures for Emerging Realities: Proceedings of the 4th Northumbria International Conference on Performance Measurement in Libraries and Information Services, 137–43. Washington: Association of Research Libraries.Search in Google Scholar

Lemire, S., X. Zhihong, V. Balester, L. G. Dorsey, and D. Hahn. 2021. “Assessing the Information Literacy Skills of First-Generation College Students.” College & Research Libraries 82 (5): 730–54, https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.82.5.730.Search in Google Scholar

Lockett, A., S. Thompson, and U. Morgenstern. 2009. “The Development of the Resource-Based View of the Firm: A Critical Appraisal.” International Journal of Management Reviews 11 (1): 9–28, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00252.x.Search in Google Scholar

Mackenzie, C. 1997. “From Forward Plan to Business Plan: Strategic Planning in Public Libraries.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services 10: 191–200.Search in Google Scholar

Malapela, T., and K. D. Jager. 2018. “Theories of Value and Demonstrating Their Practical Implementation in Academic Library Services.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 44: 775–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2018.09.018.Search in Google Scholar

Marcus, J. 2021. Declining birthrate Means Hard Times Ahead for Colleges. Washington Post May 22, 2021, issue.Search in Google Scholar

Maslow, A. H. 1943. “A Theory of Human Motivation.” Psychological Review 50: 370–96.10.1037/h0054346Search in Google Scholar

Matthews, J. R. 2005. Strategic Planning and Management for Library Managers. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.Search in Google Scholar

McClure, C. R., A. Owen, and D. L. Zweizig. 1987. Planning and Role Setting for Public Libraries: A Manual of Options and Procedures. Chicago: American Library Association.Search in Google Scholar

McGrath, W. E. 2002. “Explanation and Prediction: Building a Unified Theory of Librarianship: Concept and Review.” Library Trends 50 (4): 350–70.Search in Google Scholar

McNicol, S. 2005. “The Challenges of Strategic Planning in Academic Libraries.” New Library World 106 (11/12): 496–509.10.1108/03074800510634982Search in Google Scholar

Miles, S. 2017. “Stakeholder Theory Classification: A Theoretical and Empirical Evaluation of Definitions.” Journal of Business Ethics 142: 437–59, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2741-y.Search in Google Scholar

Mintzberg, H. 1987. “The Strategy Concept I: Five Ps for Strategy.” California Management Review 30 (1): 11–24.10.2307/41165263Search in Google Scholar

Mintzberg, H. 1994. The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning: Reconceiving Roles for Planning, Plans, Planners. New York: Free Press.Search in Google Scholar

Murray, A. L., and A. P. Ireland. 2017. “Communicating Library Impact upon Retention: A Framework for Developing Reciprocal Value Propositions.” Journal of Library Administration 57: 311–26.10.1080/01930826.2016.1243425Search in Google Scholar

Murray, A. L., and A. P. Ireland. 2018. “Provosts’ Perceptions of Academic Library Value and Preferences for Communication: A National Study.” College & Research Libraries 79 (3): 336–65, https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.79.3.336.Search in Google Scholar

Nason, R. S., and J. Wiklund. 2018. “An Assessment of Resource-based Theorizing on Firm Growth Suggestions for the Future.” Journal of Management 44 (1): 32–60, https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315610635.Search in Google Scholar

Nelson, S. S. 2001. The New Planning for Results: A Streamlined Approach. Chicago: American Library Association.Search in Google Scholar

Nutefall, J. 2015. “How an Outside Facilitator Helped Us Create a Better Strategic Plan.” Library Leadership & Management 29 (3): 1–8.10.5860/llm.v29i3.7112Search in Google Scholar

Nitecki, D. A., and E. G. Abels. 2013. “Exploring the Cause and Effect of Library Values.” Performance Management & Metrics 14 (1): 17–24, https://doi.org/10.1108/14678041311316103.Search in Google Scholar

Oakleaf, M. 2010. The Value of Academic Libraries: A Comprehensive Research Review and Report. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries.Search in Google Scholar

Oakleaf, M. 2011. “What’s the Value of an Academic Library? The Development of the ACRL Value of Academic Libraries Comprehensive Research Review and Report.” Australian Academic and Research Libraries 42 (1): 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1080/00048623.2011.10722200.Search in Google Scholar

Oakleaf, M., and M. Kyrillidou. 2016. “Revisiting the Academic Library Research Agenda: An Opportunity to Shape the Future.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 42: 757–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2016.10.005.Search in Google Scholar

Orr, R. H. 1973. “Measuring the Goodness of Library Services: A General Framework for Considering Quantitative Measures.” Journal of Documentation 29 (3): 315–32.10.1108/eb026561Search in Google Scholar

Palmour, V. E., M. C. Bellassai, and N. De Wath. 1980. A Planning Process for Public Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association.Search in Google Scholar

Parmar, B. L., R. E. Freeman, J. S. Harrison, A. C. Wicks, L. Purnell, and S. De Colle. 2010. “Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art.” The Academy of Management Annals 3 (1): 403–45, https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2010.495581.Search in Google Scholar

Peteraf, M. A. 1993. “The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View.” Strategic Management Journal 14 (3): 179–91, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140303.Search in Google Scholar

Porter, M. E. 1985. Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: Free Press.Search in Google Scholar

Porter, M. E. 1991. “Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy” [Special Issue]. Strategic Management Journal 12 (S2): 95–117, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250121008.Search in Google Scholar

Porter, M. E. 1998. Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Free Press.Search in Google Scholar

Prahalad, C. K., and G. Hamel. 1990. “The Core Competence of the Corporation.” Harvard Business Review 68 (3): 79–92.Search in Google Scholar

Reid, M. M. 2011. “Is the Balanced Scorecard Right for Academic Libraries.” The Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances 24 (2): 85–95, https://doi.org/10.1108/08880451111169106.Search in Google Scholar

Richter, U. H., and K. E. Dow. 2017. “Stakeholder Theory: A Deliberative Perspective.” Business Ethics: A European Review 26: 428–44, https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12164.Search in Google Scholar

Riggs, D. 1984. Strategic Planning for Library Managers. Phoenix: Oryx Press.Search in Google Scholar

Riggs, D. 1987. “Entrepreneurial Spirit in Strategic Planning.” Journal of Library Administration 8 (1): 41–52, https://doi.org/10.1300/J111V08N01_05.Search in Google Scholar

Saunders, L. 2015. “Academic Libraries’ Strategic Plans: Top Trends and Under-Recognized Areas.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 41 (3): 285–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2015.03.01.Search in Google Scholar

Saunders, L. 2016. “Room for Improvement: Priorities in Academic Libraries’ Strategic Plans.” Journal of Library Administration 56 (1): 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2015.1105029.Search in Google Scholar

Schwieder, D., and L. J. Hinchliffe. 2018. “A Multilevel Approach for Library Value Assessment.” College & Research Libraries 79 (3): 424–36, https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.79.3.424.Search in Google Scholar

Shorb, S. R., and L. Driscoll. 2004. “LibQUAL+TM Meets Strategic Planning at the University of Florida.” Journal of Library Administration 40 (1–2): 173–80, https://doi.org/10.1300/J111v40n03_13.Search in Google Scholar

Stemmer, J. K., and D. M. Mahan. 2016. “Investigating the Relationship of Library Usage to Student Outcomes.” College & Research Libraries 77 (3): 359–75, https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.77.3.359.Search in Google Scholar

Stephens, A. K. 1995. Assessing the Public Library Planning Process. Norwood: Ablex.Search in Google Scholar

Tapscott, D. 1996. The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.Search in Google Scholar

Tenopir, C. 2013. “Building Evidence of the Value and Impact of Library and Information Services: Methods, Metrics, and ROI.” Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 8 (2): 270–4, https://doi.org/10.18438/B8VP59.Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, B., C. Cook, and M. Kyrillidou. 2005. “Concurrent Validity of LibQUAL+TM Scores: What Do LibQUAL+TM Scores Measure?” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 31 (6): 517–22.10.1016/j.acalib.2005.08.002Search in Google Scholar

Town, J. S., and M. Kyrillidou. 2013. “Developing a Values Scorecard.” Performance Measurement and Metrics 14 (1): 7–16, https://doi.org/10.1108/14678041311316095.Search in Google Scholar

Town, S. 2015. “Implementing the Value Scorecard.” Performance Measurement and Metrics 16 (3): 234–51, https://doi.org/10.1108/PMM-10-2015-0033.Search in Google Scholar

United States Department of Education. 2006. A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education. A Report of the Commission Appointed by Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings. Washington: U.S. Department of Education.Search in Google Scholar

Wade, M. 2013. “Re-inventing the Library: The Role of Strategic Planning, Marketing, and External Relations, and Shared Services at the National Library of Scotland.” Library Review 62: 59–66, https://doi.org/10.1108/00242531311328177.Search in Google Scholar

Wernerfelt, B. 1984. “A Resource-based View of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 5 (2): 171–80, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207.Search in Google Scholar

Xia, J., and Y. Li. 2015. “Changed Responsibilities in Scholarly Communication Services: An Analysis of Job Descriptions.” Serials Review 41: 15–22, https://doi.org/10.1080/00987913.2014.998980.Search in Google Scholar

Yoon, A., and D. R. Donaldson. 2019. “Library Capacity for Data Curation Services: A US National Survey.” Library Hi Tech 37 (4): 811–28, https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-12-2018-0209.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2022-06-28
Published in Print: 2022-09-27

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 19.4.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/libri-2021-0150/html
Scroll to top button