Abstract
The following main types of segregation defects inherent in many titanium-based alloys are considered: zonal segregation (macrosegregation), tree-like structure (tree-like segregation), and β-flecks. The possible mechanisms of their formation are discussed. The influence of chemical composition on the melting and beta transus temperatures is considered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
U. Kurtz and D. Fischer, Fundamentals of Solidification (Inst. Komp’yuter. Issled., Izhevsk, 2013).
A. Mitchell, A. Kawakami, and S. L. Cockcroft, “Segregation in titanium alloy ingots,” J. High-Temp. Mater. Process. 26 (1), 59–77 (2007).
M. O. Leder and E. N. Kondrashov, “Transition from columnar to equiaxial solidification in a Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al titanium alloy,” Elektrometallurgiya, No. 6, 25–30 (2016).
E. N. Kondrashov, N. Yu. Tarenkova, A. Yu. Maksimov, and M. A. Kornilova, “Study of the crystallization morphology of VT3-1 alloy during VAR,” J. Eng. Thermophys. 18 (1), 80–84 (2009).
M. J. Bermingham, S. D. MacDonald, A. J. Badderi, et al., “Processing considerations for cast Ti–25Nb–3Mo–3Zr–2Sn biomedical alloys,” Mater. Sci. Eng., C 31, 1520–1525 (2011).
R. E. Adams and G. U. Rozenberg, “Solidification of titanium ingots,” in Proceedings of Conference Titan-74 (1974), pp. 86–95.
S. R. Seagle, K. O. Yu, and S. Giangiordano, “Considerations in processing of titanium,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A 263, 237–242 (1999).
V. T. Borisov, Theory of the Mushy Zone of a Metal Ingot (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1987).
T. Takahasi, K. Ichikawa, M. Kudou, and K. Shimahara, “The effect of fluid flow on the macrosegregation in steel ingot,” J. of Iron Steel Inst. (Japan) 16 (5), 283–291 (1976).
L. Nastac, M. N. Gungor, I. Ucok, et al., “Advances in investment casting of Ti–6Al–4V alloy: a review,” Int. J. Cast Met. Res. 19 (2), 73–93 (2006).
F. I. Shved, Vacuum Arc Remelting Ingot (Izd. Tat’yany Lur’e, Chelyabinsk, 2009).
E. N. Kondrashov, M. O. Leder, and A. Yu. Maksimov, “Model calculations of solidification of VT3-1 alloy ingots during VAR,” Elektrometallurgiya, No. 8, 21–29 (2018).
A. L. Andreev, N. F. Anoshkin, G. A. Bochvar, et al., Melting and Casting of Titanium Alloys. Titanium Alloys, Ed. by V. I. Dobatkin (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1994).
Yu. A. Malevich and Yu. A. Samoilovich, Thermophysical Foundations of Casting and Ingot Solidification (Vysheishaya Shkola, Minsk, 1989).
X. Yin, J. Liu, Q. Wang, and L. Wang, “Investigation of beta fleck formation in Ti-17 alloy by directional solidification method,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 48, 36–43 (2020).
A. Mitchell, A. Kawakami, and S. L. Cockroft, “Beta fleck and segregation in titanium alloy ingots,” J. High-Temp. Mater. Process. 25 (5, 6), 337–349 (2006).
J. A. Brooks, J. S. Krafcik, J. A. Schneider, and J. A. VanDenAvyle, “Fe segregation in Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al 30 inch VAR ingot β-fleck formation,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Processing and Casting of Liquid Metals, Ed. by A. Mitchell, L. Ridgway, and M. Baldwin (American Vacuum Society, New York, 1999), pp. 130–144.
E. N. Kondrashov, K. A. Rusakov, M. O. Leder, E. V. Dolmatov, and D. S. Kulikov, “Segregation chimneys and diffusion in a Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al alloy ingot,” Elektrometallurgiya, No. 9, 15–20 (2020).
T. P. Schulze and M. Gre Worster, “Weak convection, liquid inclusions and the formation of chimneys in soft layers,” J. Fluid Mech. 388, 197–215 (1999).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Translated by K. Shakhlevich
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kondrashov, E.N., Rusakov, K.A., Shchetnikov, N.V. et al. Segregation Defects in VAR Titanium Alloys: I. Common Defects. Russ. Metall. 2022, 553–558 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029522060118
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029522060118