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Inverse unsaturated-zone flow modeling for groundwater recharge estimation: a regional spatial nonstationary approach

Modélisation inverse des écoulements dans la zone non saturée pour l’estimation de la recharge des eaux souterraines: une approche régionale spatiale non stationnaire

Modelado inverso del flujo en la zona no saturada para la estimación de la recarga de aguas subterráneas: un enfoque regional espacial no estacionario

地下水补给估算的非饱和带流反演模型:区域空间非平稳方法

Modelagem inversa de fluxo na zona não saturada para estimativa de recarga de águas subterrâneas: uma abordagem espacial regional não-estacionária

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Abstract

Groundwater recharge estimation (GRE), particularly at a regional scale, is an important challenge in hydrogeology. Unsaturated zone flow (UZF) modeling is now being used increasingly for GRE, though its validity relies on the accurate estimation of the soil hydraulic parameters (SHPs). In this study, a regional spatial-nonstationarity-based inverse-UZF-modeling framework is developed for GRE. The regional-scale investigation is achieved using a multiple column approach and by applying the software package HYDRUS-1D. Considering the inverse modeling, the SHPs are calibrated against observed data from the stations of a large-scale monitoring network. Moreover, a nonstationary kriging technique is implemented to provide a regional map of recharge from the calculated values. Additionally, to report probability maps of recharge, a probabilistic approach through the sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm is incorporated. The proposed methodology has been tested at 100 stations of the Oklahoma Mesonet network across Oklahoma (USA) for the period 2014–2019. The comparison between the simulated and observed pressure head data endorses the performance of the regional-scale inverse UZF modeling. The distribution of recharge in the produced map increases from northwest to southeast, following the similar pattern of rainfall. Finally, the probabilistic approach results in an e-type (mean) map yielding an expected value of 166 mm/year statewide mean recharge, and 90% confidence interval maps that provide a workable range of 139–194 mm/year for planning purposes. With the rapid expansion of large-scale monitoring networks, this study can be applied to other areas where such observed data exist.

Résumé

L’estimation de la recharge des eaux souterraines (RES), en particulier à l’échelle régionale, est un défi important en hydrogéologie. La modélisation de l’écoulement en zone non saturée (EZNS) est de plus en plus utilisée pour l’évaluation de la recharge des eaux souterraines, bien que sa validité dépende de l’estimation précise des paramètres hydrauliques du sol (PHSs). Dans cette étude, un cadre régional de modélisation inverse de l’EZNS, basé sur des données non stationnaires, est développé pour la RES. L’investigation à l’échelle régionale est réalisée en utilisant une approche à colonnes multiples et en appliquant l’ensemble des modules du logiciel HYDRUS-1D. En considérant la modélisation inverse, les PHSs sont calibrés par rapport aux données observées des stations d’un réseau de surveillance à grande échelle. De plus, une technique de krigeage non stationnaire est mise en œuvre pour fournir une carte régionale de la recharge à partir des valeurs calculées. En outre, pour présenter des cartes de probabilité de la recharge, une approche probabiliste via l’algorithme de simulation gaussienne séquentielle est incorporée. La méthodologie proposée a été testée sur 100 stations du réseau Oklahoma Mesonet à travers l’Oklahoma (Etats-Unis d’Amérique) pour la période 2014–2019. La comparaison entre les données de hauteur de pression simulées et observées confirme la performance de la modélisation EZNS inverse à l’échelle régionale. La distribution de la recharge dans la carte produite augmente du nord-ouest au sud-est, identique à la distribution des précipitations. Enfin, l’approche probabiliste aboutit à une carte de type e (moyenne) donnant une valeur attendue de 166 mm/an de recharge moyenne à l’échelle de l’Etat, et des cartes d’intervalles de confiance à 90 % qui fournissent une plage exploitable de 139 à 194 mm/an à des fins de planification. Avec l’expansion rapide des réseaux de surveillance à grande échelle, cette étude peut être appliquée à d’autres zones pour lesquelles de telles données d’observation existent.

Resumen

La estimación de la recarga de las aguas subterráneas (GRE), especialmente a escala regional, es un desafío importante en hidrogeología. El modelado del flujo de la zona no saturada (UZF) se utiliza cada vez más para la GRE, aunque su validez depende de la estimación precisa de los parámetros hidráulicos del suelo (SHPs). En este estudio, se desarrolla un marco de modelado UZF inverso basado en el espacio no estacionario para la GRE. La investigación a escala regional se logra utilizando un enfoque de columnas múltiples y aplicando el paquete de software HYDRUS-1D. Teniendo en cuenta la modelización inversa, los UZF se calibran con los datos observados de las estaciones de una red de monitoreo a gran escala. Además, se aplica una técnica de kriging no estacionaria para proporcionar un mapa regional de recarga a partir de los valores calculados. Además, para informar de los mapas de probabilidad de la recarga, se incorpora un enfoque probabilístico a través del algoritmo de simulación gaussiana secuencial. La metodología propuesta ha sido probada en 100 estaciones de la red Oklahoma Mesonet a lo largo de Oklahoma (EEUU) para el periodo 2014–2019. La comparación entre los datos de carga de presión simulados y observados avala el rendimiento de la modelización UZF inversa a escala regional. La distribución de la recarga en el mapa producido aumenta del noroeste al sureste, siguiendo el patrón similar de las precipitaciones. Finalmente, el enfoque probabilístico da como resultado un mapa de tipo e (medio) que arroja un valor esperado de 166 mm/año de recarga media en todo el estado, y mapas de intervalo de confianza del 90% que proporcionan un rango viable de 139 a 194 mm/año para fines de planificación. Con la rápida expansión de las redes de monitoreo a gran escala, este estudio puede aplicarse a otras áreas donde existan tales datos observados.

摘要

地下水补给量估算(GRE), 尤其是在区域范围内, 是水文地质学的一个重要挑战。非饱和带流(UZF)模型目前正越来越多地用于GRE, 尽管其有效性依赖于对土壤水力参数(SHP)的准确估计。本研究为GRE开发了一个基于区域空间非平稳的UZF反演模型框架。采用多列方法和HYDRUS-1D软件包实现了区域尺度调查。考虑到反演建模, 根据大型监测网络站点的观测数据对SHP进行校准, 并基于计算值采用非平稳克里金技术绘制了区域补给图。此外, 采用了序贯高斯模拟算法的概率方法对补给概率进行了分析。该方法对美国俄克拉荷马州中网2014–2019年期间的100个站点进行了测试, 模拟水头与观测水头数据之间的比较证实了区域尺度UZF反演模型的性能。生成图中的补给分布由西北向东南增加, 遵循类似的降雨模式。最后, 概率方法生成e型(均值)图得到的全州平均补给量预期值为166 mm/年, 90%的置信区间为规划目的提供了139–194 mm/年的可行范围。随着大规模监测网络的迅速扩展, 这项研究可以应用于存在此类观测数据的其他领域。

Resumo

Estimativa de recarga das águas subterrâneas (ERAS), particularmente em escala regional, é um desafio importante na hidrogeologia. A modelagem do fluxo da zona não saturada (FZNS) está, agora, sendo usada amplamente para ERAS, apesar de sua validação estar na estimativa precisa dos parâmetros hidráulicos do solo (PHS). Nesse estudo, uma estrutura baseada em uma modelagem inversa do FZNS espacial, regional, não estacionária foi desenvolvida para a ERAS. A investigação de escala-regional foi atingida utilizando uma abordagem de colunas múltiplas e pela aplicação do pacote de softwares HYDRUS-1D. Considerando a modelagem inversa, os PHS foram calibrados em contraste aos dados observados das estações da rede de monitoramento de larga escala. Além disso, uma técnica de krigagem não estacionária é implementada para fornecer um mapa regional da recarga para os valores calculados. Adicionalmente, para reportar os mapas de probabilidade da recarga, uma abordagem probabilística através do algoritmo de simulação Gaussiana sequencial foi incorporada. A metodologia proposta foi testada em 100 estações da rede Oklahoma Mesonet através de Oklahoma (EUA) pelo período 2014–2019. A comparação entre os dados principais de pressão simulados e observados endossam a performance da modelagem inversa do FZNS em escala regional. A distribuição da recarga no mapa produzido aumenta de noroeste para sudeste, seguindo o padrão similar da precipitação. Finalmente, os resultados da abordagem probabilística em um mapa (média) etype produzindo um valor esperado de 166 mm/ano de recarga média em todo o estado, e 90% nos mapas de intervalo de confiança que fornecem uma amplitude trabalhável de 139 a 194 mm/ano para planejar propósitos. Com a expansão rápida das redes de monitoramento em larga escala, esse estudo pode ser aplicado para outras áreas onde tais dados observados existem.

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Acknowledgements

Oklahoma Mesonet data are provided courtesy of the Oklahoma Mesonet, which is jointly operated by Oklahoma State University and the University of Oklahoma.

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Karamouz, M., Meidani, H. & Mahmoodzadeh, D. Inverse unsaturated-zone flow modeling for groundwater recharge estimation: a regional spatial nonstationary approach. Hydrogeol J 30, 1529–1549 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02502-8

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