In situ imaging the dynamics of sodium metal deposition and stripping

Lin Geng; Chao Zhao; Jitong Yan; Chengrui Fu; Xuedong Zhang; Jingming Yao; Haiming Sun; Yong Su; Qiunan Liu; Liqiang Zhang; Yongfu Tang; Feng Ding; Jianyu Huang

doi:10.1039/D2TA02513B

In situ imaging the dynamics of sodium metal deposition and stripping†

Lin Geng,‡^a Chao Zhao,‡^bc Jitong Yan,^ad Chengrui Fu,^bc Xuedong Zhang,^e Jingming Yao,^a Haiming Sun,

^af Yong Su,^e Qiunan Liu,^a Liqiang Zhang,*^a Yongfu Tang,

*^ad Feng Ding*^bc and Jianyu Huang

*^ae

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
E-mail: liqiangzhang85@163.com, tangyongfu@ysu.edu.cn, jyhuang8@hotmail.com

^b Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
E-mail: f.ding@unist.ac.kr

^c School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea

^d Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China

^e Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China

^f Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Ibaraki, Japan

Abstract

Sodium (Na) metal batteries (SMBs) are potential “beyond lithium (Li)” energy storage technology. However, uncontrollable Na dendrite growth hinders the practical application of SMBs. The dynamics for Na dendrite plating/stripping are still unclear, which affects the development of a uniform Na deposition and stripping strategy. Herein, in situ imaging of the dynamics of Na deposition and stripping was conducted using a nano-electrochemical device in an advanced aberration corrected environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). Dodecahedron shaped Na nanocrystals with {110} exposed surfaces were formed during plating. During stripping, Na atoms were extracted layer-by-layer (LBL) along the {110} planes, which switched to the {112} planes once the extraction encountered the corner of the dodecahedra. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the crystallography of Na deposition and stripping was controlled by a minimum energy path or Wulff's law, which requires high mass flux to distribute the newly deposited Na. In situ imaging of Na metal deposition and stripping provides new understanding of the Na dendrite dynamics, which may have important implications to develop strategies to suppress Na dendrite growth.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

In situ imaging the dynamics of sodium metal deposition and stripping†

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In situ imaging the dynamics of sodium metal deposition and stripping

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