Abstract
This paper explores how firms engage in corporate entrepreneurship through programmes, and what kind of outcomes they achieve in terms of innovations. Insights are drawn from four cases of organisations that engaged in corporate entrepreneurial activities. The paper identifies two dimensions of corporate entrepreneurship programmes as idea themes, indicating whether programmes are designed with specific themes in mind, and idea ownership, indicating whether there is a dedicated team to focus on new ideas, or not. These dimensions are under the direct control of management. Based on these two dimensions, four models of corporate entrepreneurial activities are presented linking each of these models to one of the four cases of product innovations (product line extensions, product improvements, new products, start-up businesses). By drawing on the insights of the effectuation and causation logics, the paper provides a fresh perspective of corporate entrepreneurship programmes in an emerging, non-Western cultural setup and the product innovation context. This is primarily done by introducing a 2 × 2 matrix regarding corporate entrepreneurship idea themes and idea ownership in an emerging context.
Appendix: Codes
| Labels | Diffused Idea Themes | Concentrated Idea Themes | Sorted Idea Ownership | Assorted Idea Ownership |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definition | There is no organisation defined high priority challenges and opportunity identification and the organisation is open to any area for CE and the organisation. | The organisation defines high priority challenges and opportunity identification areas for CE and adopts ideas, leading to innovation (process or product), new business venturing, and new product development only related to it. | There is a dedicated CE team, within the organisation. | All the employees in the organisation are encouraged to practice CE, shall come up with ideas and innovation. |
| Description: Passages where… | …openness towards all types of ideas, leading to innovation is discussed. | …dedicated set themes or problem areas defined by the company is discussed. | …specific teams are discussed. | …all the employees are discussed. |
| Inclusion criteria: People mention… | …all types of ideas, leading to innovation. | …dedicated high priority challenges and opportunity identification. | …selected teams, dedicated teams for CE programme. | …all the employees, any employee. |
| Exclusion criteria: People mention… | …dedicated set themes or defined problem areas. | …opportunity identification themes which are not defined by company. | …no deliberate teams. | …dedicated teams. |
| Example: The company… | …is open to all types of ideas, leading to innovation (process or product), and is open to new product development | …is willing to adopt ideas leading to innovation (process or product), and is open to new product development only related to dedicated high priority challenges and opportunity identification or problem areas defined by the company. | …runs an intrapreneurship programme which aims to develop intrapreneurs who are below the age of 33 years. | …focuses all its employees for innovations for CE. |
Appendix 2: Matrix query results
| A:A | B:B | C:C | D:D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1:Idea Ownership | 5 | 5 | 8 | 14 |
| 2:Sorted Idea Ownership (Dedicated Teams) | 9 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| 3:Empowered teams | 5 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 4:Assorted Idea Ownership. (No Dedicated Teams) | 0 | 5 | 7 | 0 |
| 5:Crowd source Idea | 0 | 5 | 6 | 0 |
| 6:Extraordinary Recruitment Process | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 7:Recruitment Time Consuming | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 8:Efforts for recruitment | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 9:Key Performance Indicator | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 10:No Extraordinary Recruitment Process | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 11:Corporate Entrepreneurship | 5 | 7 | 12 | 20 |
| 12:New Vision | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 13:High Regulated Market Structure | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 14:High Competition Market | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 15:Idea Themes | 5 | 6 | 8 | 11 |
| 16:Diffused Idea Themes (No defined theme) | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| 17:Open to all ideas | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| 18:Innovation | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 19:New Product Development | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| 20:Concentrated Idea Themes (Defined Theme) | 0 | 0 | 8 | 11 |
| 21:Open to ideas related to defined theme | 0 | 0 | 6 | 4 |
-
Appendix 2 provides a summary comparison of the results of a matrix query that show 21 sets of codes (rows) cross-tabulated with four cases (columns) of companies practising CE. n = number of cases (4); Frequency is (number of quotes).
References
Aktan, B., and C. Bulut. 2008. “Financial Performance Impacts of Corporate Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets: A Case of Turkey.” European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences 12: 69–79.Search in Google Scholar
Altringer, B. 2013. “A New Model for Innovation in Big Companies.” Harvard Business Review November 1.Search in Google Scholar
Arvidsson, H. G. S., and D. N. Coudounaris. 2020. “Effectuation versus Causation: A Case Study of an IT Recruitment Firm.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship 24 (4): 1–13.Search in Google Scholar
Baum, J. R., E. A. Locke, and K. G. Smith. 2001. “A Multidimensional Model of Venture Growth.” Academy of Management Journal 44 (2): 292–303.10.5465/3069456Search in Google Scholar
Boyatzis, R. E. 1998. Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.Search in Google Scholar
Bradley, S. W., H. Aldrich, D. A. Shepherd, and J. Wiklund. 2011. “Resources, Environmental Change, and Survival.” Strategic Management Journal 32 (5): 486–509. https://doi.org/10.2307/27975916.Search in Google Scholar
Business India 2021. Deepak Fertilisers Gets Future-Ready. Business India Magazine. https://businessindia.co/magazine/deepak-fertilisers-gets-future-ready.Search in Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H. W. 2003. “The Era of Open Innovation.” Sloan Management Review 44 (3): 35–41.10.1177/000812560304500301Search in Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., and R. R. McCrae. 1992. “The Five-Factor Model of Personality and its Relevance to Personality Disorders.” Journal of Personality Disorders 6 (4): 343–59. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.343.Search in Google Scholar
Covin, J. G., and D. P. Slevin. 1991. “A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16 (7).10.1177/104225879101600102Search in Google Scholar
Cunningham, J. B., and J. Lischeron. 1991. “Defining Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Small Business Management 29 (1): 45–61.Search in Google Scholar
Eisenhardt, K. M., and M. E. Graebner. 2007. “Theory Building from Cases: Opportunities and Challenges.” Academy of Management Journal 50 (1): 25–32.10.5465/amj.2007.24160888Search in Google Scholar
Ener, H. 2014. “Corporate Entrepreneurship Six Key Ideas for Profitable Growth.” IESE Insight Fourth Qua (23): 47–53.Search in Google Scholar
Entebang, H., S. A. Mansor, and C. H. Puah. 2006. “Corporate Entrepreneurial Orientations in State Owned Enterprise in Malaysia.” Review of Business Research VI (5): 114–24.Search in Google Scholar
Erkut, B. 2016. “Perceiving Innovation: Who ‘Makes’ SAP Labs India and How?” South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 5 (1): 116–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277977916636981.Search in Google Scholar
Erkut, B. 2020. “Hayek on Product Innovation and Market Shaping: Opening the Black Box.” Liberal Düşünce Dergisi 25 (100): 169–89. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.757980.Search in Google Scholar
Essar Group 2011. “Essar Portfolio.” Esssar Portfolio. https://www.essar.com/portfolio/.Search in Google Scholar
Futterer, F., J. Schmidt, and S. Heidenreich. 2018. “Effectuation or Causation as the Key to Corporate Venture Success? Investigating Effects of Entrepreneurial Behaviors on Business Model Innovation and Venture Performance.” Long Range Planning 51 (1): 64–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.008.Search in Google Scholar
Ghorbel, F., W. Hachicha, Y. Boujelbene, and A. M. Aljuaid. 2021. “Linking Entrepreneurial Innovation to Effectual Logic.” Sustainability 13 (5): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052626.Search in Google Scholar
Ghura, A. S., and A. Goel. 2018. “Antecedents of Corporate Entrepreneurship and Employee Engagement.” WPS No 809/June 2018.Search in Google Scholar
Ghura, A. S. 2017. “A Qualitative Exploration of the Challenges Organizations Face while Working with Generation Z Intrapreneurs.” Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies 105–14, https://doi.org/10.1177/2393957517711306.Search in Google Scholar
Ghura, A. S., and Abhishek. 2021. “IndiaFirst Life Insurance: Planning Next-Level Growth by Corporate Entrepreneurship.” Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/09722629211010996.Search in Google Scholar
Glaser, B. G., and A. L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.Search in Google Scholar
Goffin, K., F. Lemke, and M. Szwejczewski. 2006. “An Exploratory Study of ‘Close’ Supplier-Manufacturer Relationships.” Journal of Operations Management 24 (2): 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2005.05.003.Search in Google Scholar
Granstrand, O., and S. Alänge. 1995. “The Evolution of Corporate Entrepreneurship in Swedish Industry? Was Schumpeter Wrong?” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 5 (2): 133–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01199854.Search in Google Scholar
Guba, E. G., and Y. S. Lincoln. 1981. Effective Evaluation: Improving the Usefulness of Evaluation Results through Responsive and Naturalistic Approaches. Hoboken: Jossey-Bass.Search in Google Scholar
Heany, D. F. 1983. “Degrees of Product Innovation.” Journal of Business Strategy 3 (4): 3–14.10.1108/eb038984Search in Google Scholar
Heinzelmann, N., C. J. Selig, and G. H. Baltes. 2020. “Critical Actions of and Synergies between Corporate Entrepreneurship Programs.” In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC), IEEE, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICE/ITMC49519.2020.9198565.Search in Google Scholar
Holt, D. T., M. W. Rutherford, and G. R. Clohessy. 2007. “Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Look at Individual Characteristics, Context, and Process.” Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 13 (4): 40–54.10.1177/10717919070130040701Search in Google Scholar
Hornsby, J. S., D. F. Kuratko, and S. A. Zahra. 2002. “Middle Managers’ Perception of the Internal Environment for Corporate Entrepreneurship: Assessing a Measurement Scale.” Journal of Business Venturing 17 (3): 253–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00059-8.Search in Google Scholar
Hornsby, J. S., D. W. Naffziger, D. F. Kuratko, and R. V. Montagno. 1993. “An Interactive Model of the Corporate Entrepreneurship Process.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 17 (2): 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879301700203.Search in Google Scholar
Hughes, M., and M. Mustafa. 2017. “Antecedents of Corporate Entrepreneurship in SMEs: Evidence from an Emerging Economy.” Journal of Small Business Management 55: 115–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12269.Search in Google Scholar
Ireland, R. D., C. R. Reutzel, and J. W. Webb. 2005. “Entrepreneurship Research in ‘AMJ’: What Has Been Published, and what Might the Future Hold?” The Academy of Management Journal 48 (4): 556–64.10.5465/amj.2005.17843937Search in Google Scholar
Ireland, R. D., J. G. Covin, and D. F. Kuratko. 2009. “Conceptualizing Corporate Entrepreneurship Strategy.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 33 (1): 19–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00279.x.Search in Google Scholar
Johnson, M. W., C. M. Christensen, and H. Kagermann. 2008. “Reinventing Your Business Model.” Harvard Business Review 86 (12): 57–68.Search in Google Scholar
Kaya, T., B. Erkut, and N. Thierbach. 2019. “Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business and Economics Students in Germany and Cyprus: A Cross-Cultural Comparison.” Sustainability 11 (5): 1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051437.Search in Google Scholar
Kotha, R., and G. George. 2012. “Friends, Family, or Fools: Entrepreneur Experience and its Implications for Equity Distribution and Resource Mobilization.” Journal of Business Venturing 27 (5): 525–43.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.02.001Search in Google Scholar
Krause, D. R. 1999. “The Antecedents of Buying Firms’ Efforts to Improve Suppliers.” Journal of Operations Management 17 (2): 205–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(98)00038-2.Search in Google Scholar
Kuratko, D. F., and M. H. Morris. 2013. Entrepreneurship and Leadership. Cheltenham: Elgar.10.4337/9781784714406Search in Google Scholar
Kuratko, D. F., and S. K. Nagelvoort. 2015. “Corporate Entrepreneurship.” In Oxford Bibliographies in Management, edited by R. W. Griffin. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/obo/9780199846740-0085Search in Google Scholar
Kuratko, D. F., J. S. Hornsby, and J. W. Bishop. 2005. “Managers’ Corporate Entrepreneurial Actions and Job Satisfaction.” The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 1 (3).10.1007/s11365-005-2589-1Search in Google Scholar
Kuratko, D. F. 2017. “Corporate Entrepreneurship & Innovation: Today’s Leadership Challenge.” In The Wiley Handbook of Entrepreneurship, 293–311. Hoboken and West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.10.1002/9781118970812.ch14Search in Google Scholar
Kuratko, D. F., J. S. Hornsby, and J. G. Covin. 2014. “Diagnosing a Firm’s Internal Environment for Corporate Entrepreneurship.” Business Horizons 57 (1): 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2013.08.009.Search in Google Scholar
Kuratko, D. F., R. V. Montagno, and J. S. Hornsby. 1990. “Developing an Intrapreneurial Assessment Instrument for an Effective Corporate Entrepreneurial Environment.” Strategic Management Journal: 49–58. https://doi.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2486669.Search in Google Scholar
Langley, A. 1999. “Strategies for Theorizing from Process Data.” Academy of Management Review 24 (4): 691–710.10.5465/amr.1999.2553248Search in Google Scholar
Li, Z., S. He, J. Ning, Z. Liu, J. Zhang, and X. Du. 2019. “Business Model Transfer Mechanism.” Nankai Business Review International 11 (1): 44–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/NBRI-06-2019-0021.Search in Google Scholar
Ma, H., T. Q. Liu, and R. Karri. 2016. “Internal Corporate Venturing.” Organizational Dynamics 45 (2): 114–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2016.02.005.Search in Google Scholar
Mahindra Finance. 2018. I Am Responsible Sustainability Report 2017–18. Also available at https://www.mahindrafinance.com/media/124178/mahindra_finance_sustainability_report_2017_18_18_01_2019.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Miles, M. B., and A. M. Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage.Search in Google Scholar
Miller, D., and P. H. Freisen. 1982. “Innovation in Conservative and Entrepreneurial Firms: Two Models of Strategic Momentum.” Strategic Management Journal 3 (1): 1–25.10.1002/smj.4250030102Search in Google Scholar
Morris, M. H., D. F. Kuratko, and J. G. Covin. 2011. Corporate Entrepreneurship & Innovation, 3rd ed. Mason: Thomson Publishers.Search in Google Scholar
Morris, M. H., P. S. Lewis, and D. L. Sexton. 1994. “Reconceptualizing Entrepreneurship: An Input-Output Perspective.” SAM Advanced Management Journal 59 (1): 21–31.Search in Google Scholar
Parker, J., P. Doyle Corner, P. J. Woodfield, and S. Singh. 2019. “Developing Endogenous Innovations: Corporate Entrepreneurship and Effectuation.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2017-0122.Search in Google Scholar
Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.Search in Google Scholar
Powell, J. D., and C. F. Bimmerle. 1980. “A Model of Entrepreneurship: Moving toward Precision and Complexity.” Journal of Small Business Management 18 (1): 33–6.Search in Google Scholar
Ramachandran, K., T. P. Devarajan, and R. Sougata. 2006. “Corporate Entrepreneurship How?” Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 31 (1): 85–97.10.1177/0256090920060107Search in Google Scholar
Sarasvathy, S. D. 2001. “Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency.” Academy of Management Review 26 (2): 243–63. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378020.Search in Google Scholar
Satell, G. 2017. “The 4 Types of Innovation and the Problems They Solve.” Harvard Business Review 11: 2–9.Search in Google Scholar
Schmidt, J., and S. Heidenreich. 2018. “The Role of Human Capital for Entrepreneurial Decision-Making – Investigating Experience, Skills and Knowledge as Antecedents to Effectuation and Causation.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing 10 (3): 287–311. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEV.2016.10006911.Search in Google Scholar
Schoch, K. 2020. “Case Study Research.” In Research Design and Methods: An Applied Guide for the Scholar‐practitioner, 245–58. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne: Sage Publications, Inc.Search in Google Scholar
Serrano-Bedia, A. M., M. Pérez-Pérez, M. Palma-Ruiz, and M. C. López-Fernández. 2016. “Entrepreneurship: Current View as a Research Discipline. An Analysis of Special Issues Published during 2011-2013.” Management Studies 32 (138): 82–95.10.1016/j.estger.2015.09.003Search in Google Scholar
Shah, I. 2020. “Efficiency, Productivity and Predictability Are Mantras behind Analytical Models IndiaFirst Life CTO.” Economic Times, https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/insurance/efficiency-productivity-and-predictability-are-mantras-behind-analytical-models-indiafirst-life-cto/77776414.Search in Google Scholar
Shane, S., and S. Venkataraman. 2000. “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research.” Academy of Management Review 25 (1): 217–26. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2000.2791611.Search in Google Scholar
Shirokova, G., M. H. Morris, A. Laskovaia, and E. Micelotta. 2021. “Effectuation and Causation, Firm Performance, and the Impact of Institutions: A Multi-Country Moderation Analysis.” Journal of Business Research 129 (March): 169–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.045.Search in Google Scholar
Slevin, D. P., and J. G. Covin. 1997. “Time Growth, Complexity and Transitions: Entrepreneurial Challenges for the Future.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 22 (2): 43–68.10.1177/104225879802200205Search in Google Scholar
Spivack, A. J., A. McKelvie, and J. M. Haynie. 2014. “Habitual Entrepreneurs: Possible Cases of Entrepreneurship Addiction?” Journal of Business Venturing 29 (5): 651–67.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.11.002Search in Google Scholar
Strauss, A., and J. Corbin. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.Search in Google Scholar
Thornberry, N. E. 2003. “Corporate Entrepreneurship: Teaching Managers to Be Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Management Development 22 (4): 329–44.10.1108/02621710310467613Search in Google Scholar
Wolcott, R. C., and M. J. Lippitz. 2007. “The Four Models of Corporate Entrepreneurship.” MIT Sloan Management Review 49 (1): 75. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICQR2MSE.2011.5976678.Search in Google Scholar
Yin, R. K. 2017. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne: Sage Publications.Search in Google Scholar
Zahra, S. A., D. O. Neubaum, and C. J. Hayton. 2016. Handbook of Research on Corporate Entrepreneurship. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Cheltenham.10.4337/9781785368738Search in Google Scholar
Zahra, S. A., D. F. Jennings, and D. F. Kuratko. 1999. “The Antecedents and Consequences of Firm-Level Entrepreneurship: The State of the Field.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 24: 45–65.10.1177/104225879902400205Search in Google Scholar
Zahra, S. A., and J. G. Covin. 1995. “Contextual Influences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship-Performance Relationship: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Journal of Business Venturing 10 (1): 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)00004-E.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
