Abstract
The article presents the results of studies of the process of obtaining NPK fertilizer from low-grade phosphate raw materials with P2O5 of about 18%. Phosphate raw materials were leached with a mixture of nitric-phosphoric acids with the addition of potassium carbonate, which serves as a source of potassium in the final product. The main parameters determined were the content of the main nutrients P2O5:N:K2O, temperature and time of the leaching process. According to the graphical method, the “apparent” activation energy of the heterogeneous process is found, which is equal to 3.8 kJ/mol indicates the intradiffusion nature of the process. Methods of chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and XRD analysis were used for a comprehensive study of raw materials and final products.
Funding source: Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Award Identifier / Grant number: PhD grant
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: This research was funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the form of a grant for studying in the PhD program.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
2021 IFA Global Sustainability Conference (2021, March 9–11 – Virtual Event). Also available at https://www.fertilizer.org/Public/News___Events/Events/Public/News___Events/Events/2021_IFA_Global_Sustainability_Conference.aspx.Search in Google Scholar
Abramov, O. B., and E. V. Afanasenko. 2003. Method of Production of Complex Fertilizer (Russian Federation Patent No. 2202523). Moscow: Rospatent Federal Service for Intellectual Property.Search in Google Scholar
Abramov, O. B., E. V. Afanasenko, S. A. Vandyshev, and A. S. Dedov. 2003. Method for Preparing Complex NPK-Fertilizer with Regulated Ratio of Nutrient Substances (Russian Federation Patent No. 2216526). Moscow: Rospatent Federal Service for Intellectual Property.Search in Google Scholar
Bene, C., D. Bakker, M. J. Chavarro, B. Even, J. Melo, and A. Sonneveld. 2021. “Global Assessment of the Impacts of COVID-19 on Food Security.” Global Food Security 31: 100575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100575.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Benvenuto, M. A. 2015. Industrial Inorganic Chemistry. Detroit: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110330335Search in Google Scholar
Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Devices under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. 1976. Mineral Fertilizers. Methods for the Determination of Phosphates (GOST 20851.2-75, ISO 5316-77, ISO 6598-85, ISO 7497-84). Also available at https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200019444.Search in Google Scholar
Dyachenko, A. N., and V. V. Shagalov. 2014. Chemical Kinetics of Heterogeneous Processes [in Russian: Himicheskaja kinetika geterogennyh processov]. Publishing House of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Also available at https://portal.tpu.ru/SHARED/s/SHAGALOV/rabota/Tab3/text4.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Elsworth, L. R., and W. O. Paley. 2008. Fertilizers: Properties Applications and Effects. New York: Nova Science Publishers.Search in Google Scholar
EuroChem 2021. Monocalcium Phosphate (MCP). Also available at http://www.eurochem.ru/en/product/monocalcium-phosphate-mcp/.Search in Google Scholar
Faria, J. A. 2021. “Renaissance of Ammonia Synthesis for Sustainable Production of Energy and Fertilizers.” Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 29: 100466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100466.Search in Google Scholar
Finch, H. J. S., and A. M. Samuel. 2014. 4 – Fertilisers and Manures. Lockhart & Wiseman’s Crop Husbandry Including Grassland, 9th ed. Sawston: Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition.10.1533/9781782423928.1.63Search in Google Scholar
Gondwe, R. L., R. Kinoshita, T. Suminoe, D. Aiuchi, J. P. Palta, and M. Tani. 2020. “Available Soil Nutrients and NPK Application Impacts on Yield, Quality, and Nutrient Composition of Potatoes Growing during the Main Season in Japan.” American Journal of Potato Research 97: 234–45, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-020-09776-2.Search in Google Scholar
Hariyadi, B. W., F. Nizak, I. R. Nurmalasari, and Y. Kogoya. 2019. “Effect of Dose and Time of NPK Fertilizer Application on the Growth and Yield of Tomato Plants (Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill).” Journal of Agricultural Science and Agriculture Engineering 101.Search in Google Scholar
Heffer, P., and M. Prudhomme. 2015. “Fertilizers Outlook 2015–2019.” In Proceedings of the 83-rd IFA Annual Conference, Istanbul (Turkey), Istanbul, IFA, 37.Search in Google Scholar
Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification. 1995. Mineral Fertilizers. Methods for Determination of Pottassium Content (GOST 20851.3-93). Also available at https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200019445.Search in Google Scholar
Interstate Technical Committee. 1997. Mineral Fertilizers. Method for Determination of Total Mass Fraction of Nitrogen in Compound Fertilizers and Nitrate Fertilizers in Ammonium and Nitrate Forms (Deward Method) (GOST 30181.4-94). Also available at https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200019598.Search in Google Scholar
Isaev, R. D., B. B. Sadykov, Sh.S. Namazov, and B. S. Zakirov. 2011. “Preparation and Physico-Chemical Properties of Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium Fertilizers Obtained on the Basis of Extraction Phosphoric, Nitric Acids and Potassium Chloride.” Chemical Technology, Control and Management 5: 5–11.Search in Google Scholar
Jakubus, M., and M. Graczyk. 2020. “Microelement Variability in Plants as an Effect of Sewage Sludge Compost Application Assessed by Different Statistical Methods.” Agronomy 10 (5): 642, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050642.Search in Google Scholar
Kafkafi, U., and J. Tarchitzky. 2011. Fertigation: A Tool for Efficient Fertilizer and Water Management. Paris-Horgen: International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), International Potash Institute (IPI).Search in Google Scholar
Lygach, A. B. 2016. “New Technologies for Processing Phosphorus-Containing Ores [in Russian: Novye tehnologii pererabotki fosforsoderzhashhih rud].” Informational Analytical Bulletin “Gorny” (1): 345–59.Search in Google Scholar
Ministry for the Production of Mineral Fertilizers of the USSR. 1986. Ammophos. Specifications (GOST 18918-85). Also available at https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200019301.Search in Google Scholar
Mukherjee, S. 2011. Applied Mineralogy. Applications in Industry and Environment. Dordrecht: Springer.Search in Google Scholar
Nielsson, F. T. 2018. Manual of Fertilizer Processing. Oxfordshire: Routledge.10.1201/9780203748183Search in Google Scholar
Pramod, K. 2021. Fertilizer Technology – Chemical Engineering. India: Independently Published.Search in Google Scholar
PubChem. 2015. Compound Summary – Monocalcium Phosphate Phosphoric Acid. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Also available at https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/101970284#section=Related-Records.Search in Google Scholar
Rosselkhoznadzor Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary, , Surveillance. 2014. Calcined Potassium Carbonate (Potash). Moscow: Technical Conditions (No. ТU 2131-001-89828654-2014.Search in Google Scholar
Russian BAT Bureau. Information and Technical Guide to the Best Available Technologies (ITS 2-2019. Production of Ammonia, Mineral Fertilizers and Inorganic Acids). Also available at http://burondt.ru/index/its-ndt.html.Search in Google Scholar
Scherer, H. W. 2005. Fertilizers and Fertilization. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment. Also available at https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00229-0.Search in Google Scholar
Shajmardanova, M. A., I. I. Usmanov, G. J. Melikulova, and H. C. Mirzakulov. 2019. “Monocalcium Phosphate from Phosphorites of Central Kyzylkum.” Chemistry and Chemical Technology 2 (64): 12–5.Search in Google Scholar
Shapkin, М. А., and Т. I. Zavertyaeva. 1987. Double Superphosphate: Technology and Application [in Russian: Dvojnoj superfosfat: Tehnologija i primenenie]. Leningrad: Chimia.Search in Google Scholar
Sher, A., A. Sattar, A. Qayyum, M. Ijaz, A. Nawaz, A. Manaf, and M. Hussain. 2019. “Optimizing the NPK Application in White Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) Under an Arid Climate in Punjab, Pakistan.” Journal of Plant Nutrition 42 (13): 2114–20, https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1628980.Search in Google Scholar
Tuhtaev, S., R. M. Nazirova, S. M. Tadzhiev, and B. S. Zakirov. 2016. “Obtaining NPK Fertilizer from Washed Dried Phosphorite Concentrate.” Universum: Technical Sciences 10 (31): 1–5.Search in Google Scholar
Taran, J.A., and A. V. Taran. 2016. “The Main Nitrogen-Containing Mineral Fertilizers and Technical Solutions for Improving Their Quality.” ChemChemTech 3 (59): 49–54.Search in Google Scholar
Ul-Hamid, A. 2018. A Beginners’ Guide to Scanning Electron Microscope. Switzerland: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-98482-7Search in Google Scholar
Usmanov, K., R. Chernyakova, and U. Dzhusipbekov. 2010. “Influence of Modifying Additives on the Properties of Dispersed Phosphorites.” Perspectives of Innovations, Economics & Business 3 (6): 131–3, https://doi.org/10.15208/pieb.2010.98.Search in Google Scholar
Vecino, X., M. Reig, B. Bhushan, O. Gibert, C. Valderrama, and J. L. Cortina. 2019. “Liquid Fertilizer Production by Ammonia Recovery from Treated Ammonia-Rich Regenerated Streams Using Liquid-Liquid Membrane Contactors.” Chemical Engineering Journal 360: 890–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.004.Search in Google Scholar
Vol’fkovich, S. I. 2007. “Complex Fertilizers Based on the Nitric Acid Decomposition of Phosphates.” Russian Chemical Reviews 43 (3): 224, https://doi.org/10.1070/rc1974v043n03abeh001802.Search in Google Scholar
Vorobyov, N. I. 2015. Technology of Phosphorus and Complex Fertilizers: Lecture Texts [in Russian: Tehnologija fosfornyh i kompleksnyh udobrenij: teksty lekcij]. Minsk: Belarusian State Technical University.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, H., L. Wu, X. Wang, S. Zhang, M. Cheng, H. Feng, J. Fan, F. Zhang, and Y. Xiang. 2020. “Optimization of Water and Fertilizer Management Improves Yield, Water, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake and Use Efficiency of Cotton under Drip Fertigation.” Agricultural Water Management 245: 106662, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106662.Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 1982. Calcium Dihydrogen Phosphate. Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Geneva: WHO. Also available at https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=3792.Search in Google Scholar
Xu, J., D. F. R. Gilson, and I. S. Butler. 1998. “FT-Raman and High-Pressure FT-Infrared Spectroscopic Investigation of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate, Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O.” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 12 (54): 1869–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-1425(98)00152-8.Search in Google Scholar
Yu, X., C. Keitel, and F. A. Dijkstra. 2021. “Global Analysis of Phosphorus Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Cereal Crops.” Global Food Security 29: 100545, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100545.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
