The Centrality of Education for Indigenous Income Mobility in Canada

Authors

  • Michael Haan Department of Sociology, Western University
  • Georgina Chuatico Western University
  • Jules Cornetet Paris School of Economics

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.1.8388

Keywords:

Education, Indigenous Peoples in Canada, socioeconomic mobility

Abstract

In this article, we employ a multinomial logistic regression model to determine which factors predict middle- and upper income class belonging among Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. We examine the impact of identity, education, occupation, and urbanization on income status. The positive impact of higher education is captured by the model; however, post-secondary education has a greater impact on some Indigenous groups than others. We present interaction terms between education and identity to show that investment in higher education is crucial to Indigenous people’s income attainment; however, some identity groups benefit more than others. 

References

Becker, G. (1992). Human capital and the economy. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 136(1), 85–92.

Belanger, Y. D., Gabrielle W., & Awosoga, O. (2012). Assessing urban Aboriginal housing and homelessness in Canada. National Association of Friendship Centres (NAFC) and the Office of the Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians (OFI). https://homelesshub.ca/sites/default/files/Final_Belanger_Housing_and_Homeless_-_6_May_2012.pdf

Bonesteel, S. (2008). Canada’s relationship with Inuit: A history of policy and program development. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ/STAGING/texte-text/inuit-book_1100100016901_eng.pdf

Bougie, E., Kelly-Scott, K., & Arriagada, P. (2013). The education and employment experiences of First Nations Peoples living off-reserve, Inuit, and Métis: Selected findings from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples survey. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-653-x/89-653-x2013001-eng.htm

Beckstead, D., & Brown, M. (2005). Provincial income disparities through an urban–rural lens. Canadian Economic Observer, 18(8). https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-010-x/00805/8449-eng.htm

Coates, K. (1999). Being Aboriginal: The cultural politics of identity, membership and belonging among First Nations in Canada. Canadian Issues, 21, 23–41.

De Graaf, N. (1991). Distinction by consumption in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 53, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036605

DiMaggio, P., & Mukhtar, T. (2004). Arts participation as cultural capital in the United States, 1982-2002: Signs of decline? Poetics, 32(2), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2004.02.005

Distasio, J., Sylvester, G., & Mulligan, S. (2005). Home is where the heart is and right now that is nowhere: An examination of hidden homeless among Aboriginal Peoples in Prairie cities. Institute of Urban Studies, University of Winnipeg. https://www.homelesshub.ca/sites/default/files/attachments/NRP_009_Hidden_Aboriginal_Homelessness.pdf

Fan, L., Brownlee, K., Nazim, H., & Raymond, N. (2017). Returns to education and occupations for Canadian Aboriginal People. International Journal of Social Economics, 44 (12), 2224–2237.

George, P., & Kuhn, P. (1994). The size and structure of Native–White differentials in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 27(1), 20–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/135800

Gerber, L. M. (2014). Education, employment, and income polarization among Aboriginal men and women in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 46(1), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2014.0015

Gordon, C. E., White, J. P. (2014). Indigenous educational attainment in Canada. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2014.5.3.6

Goux, D., & Maurin, É. (2012). Enquête sur les classes moyennes [Survey of the middle classes]. Seuil.

Heisz, A. (2007). Income Inequality and Redistribution in Canada: 1976 to 2004. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/2007298/4143888-eng.htm

Indian Act R.S.C., 1985, c. I-5. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-5/page-1.html?txthl=tract+lands+land#s-2

Kambourov, G., & Manovskii, I. (2009). Occupational specificity of human capital. International Economic Review, 50(1), 63¬–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00524.x

Katz-Gerro, T. (2002). Highbrow cultural consumption and class distinction in Italy, Israel, West Germany, Sweden, and the United States. Social Forces, 81(1), 207–229. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2002.0050

Kraaykamp, G., & Nieuwbeerta P. (2000). Parental background and lifestyle differentiation in Eastern Europe: Social, political, and cultural intergenerational transmission in five former socialist countries. Social Science Research, 29(1), 92–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1999.0655

Lamb, D. (2013). Earnings inequality among Aboriginal groups in Canada. Journal of Labour Research, 34(2), 224–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-013-9158-0

Lamb, D., Yap, M., & Turk, M. (2018). Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal wage gaps in Canada: Evidence from the 2011 National Household Survey. Industrial Relations, 73(2), 225–251. https://doi.org/10.7202/1048569ar

Lopéz-Sintas, K., & Katz-Gerro, T. (2005). From exclusive to inclusive elites and further: Twenty years of omnivorousness and cultural diversity in arts participation in the USA. Poetics, 33(5), 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2005.10.004

Luffman, J., & Sussman D. (2007). The Aboriginal labour force in Western Canada. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 19(1), 13–27. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/75-001-x/10107/9570-eng.pdf?st=d8cbGZ8F

McHahon, T. (2014, August 22). Why fixing First Nations education remains so far out of reach: Aboriginal youth face a fate that should horrify Canadians and there’s an obvious fix. Maclean’s. https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/why-fixing-first-nations-education-remains-so-far-out-of-reach/

Menzies, P. (2006). Intergenerational trauma and homeless Aboriginal men. Canadian Review of Social Policy, 8, 1–24.

Moyser, M. (2017). Aboriginal People living off reserve and the labour market: Estimates from the Labour Force Survey, 2007-2015. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-588-x/71-588-x2017001-eng.htm

Oelke, N., Thurston, W., & Turner, D. (2016). Aboriginal homelessness: A framework for best practice in the context of structural violence. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2016.7.2.5

Parriag, A., & Chaulk, P. (2013). The urban Aboriginal middle-income group in Canada: A demographic profile. Aboriginal Policy Studies, 2(2), 34–63. https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v2i2.19005

Patrick, C. (2014). Aboriginal homelessness in Canada: A literature review. Canadian Homelessness Research Network Press.

Pendakur, K., & Pendakur, R. (2011). Aboriginal income disparity in Canada. Canadian Public Policy, 37(1), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.37.1.61

Peterson, R., & Simkus, A. (1992). How musical tastes mark occupational status groups. In M. Lamont & M. Fournier (Eds.), Cultivating differences: Symbolic boundaries and the making of inequality (pp. 152-186). University of Chicago Press.

Ponting, R. (2005). The new urban middle class. In H. H. Hiller (Ed.), Urban Canada (pp.138–167). Oxford University Press Canada.

Pruden, J. G., & Kirkup, K. (2021, May 31). Indigenous leaders say discovery of children’s remains at Kamloops residential school is beginning of national reckoning. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-indigenous-leaders-call-for-national-reckoning-after-childrens-remains/

Statistics Canada. (2017a). Aboriginal Peoples and the labour market. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/170316/dq170316d-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2017b). Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 census. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025a-eng.htm

Stonechild, B. (2006). The new buffalo: The struggle for Aboriginal post-secondary education in Canada. University of Manitoba Press.

White, J., & Peters, J. (2013). Editors’ commentary: The challenges in improving Indigenous educational attainment. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 4(4), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2013.4.4.6

Wotherspoon, T. (2011). Prospect for a new middle class among urban Aboriginal People. In D. Newhouse & E. Peters (Eds.), Not strangers in these parts: Urban Aboriginal Peoples (pp. 145–165). Policy Research Initiative. http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/elibrary/Canada_Urban-Aboriginal-Peo.pdf

Wotherspoon, T., & Satzewich, V. (1993). First Nations: Race, class and gender relations. Nelson Canada.

Zangelidis, A. (2008). Occupational and industry specificity of human capital in the British labour market. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 55(4), 420–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2008.00460.x

Downloads

Published

2021-12-10