Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Probing Viscosity and Structural Variations in CaF2–SiO2–MnO Welding Fluxes

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recent demand on welding fluxes for high-strength low-alloy steel grades has necessitated the development of CaF2-free fluxes towards high heat input applications. To meet such requirements, a flux design strategy has been postulated by varying MnO/(CaF2 + MnO) mass ratio in the CaF2–SiO2–MnO flux system. The effect of MnO substitution for CaF2 on the flux viscosity and structure has been investigated, and a quantitative relationship between viscosity and structural units has been put forward. In addition, it has been suggested that the degree of polymerization (DOP) of silicate network is reduced with increasing MnO/(CaF2 + MnO) mass ratio, indicating MnO plays the role of network-breaker. The spectra of F1s and 19F prove that F− predominantly bonds with Ca2+ rather than Si4+, revealing CaF2 acts as a diluent and does not effectively depolymerize the silicate network. Linear correlations can be obtained between the logarithm viscosity and the average non-bridging oxygen per silicon atom (NBO/Si), which can potentially be used as a DOP index to quantify the impact of silicate structure on the viscosity of the flux.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.B. Kim, J.K. Choi, I.W. Han, and I. Sohn: J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2016, vol. 432, pp. 218–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. V. Sengupta, D. Havrylov, and P.F. Mendez: Weld. J., 2019, vol. 98, pp. 283s–313s.

    Google Scholar 

  3. S. Kumar and A. Shahi: Mater. Des., 2011, vol. 32, pp. 3617–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. C. Wang and J. Zhang: Acta Metall. Sin., 2021, vol. 57, pp. 1126–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. V. Sengupta and P.F. Mendez: Weld. J., 2017, vol. 96, pp. 334s–353s.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Liu, Z. Wang, and C. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2022, vol. 53, pp. 1329–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Zhang, T. Coetsee, H. Dong, and C. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2020, vol. 51, pp. 885–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. J.B. Kim and I. Sohn: ISIJ Int., 2014, vol. 54, pp. 657–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Seetharaman, A. McLean, R. Guthrie, and S. Sridhar: Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, 2014, pp. 151–59.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Zhang, T. Coetsee, H. Yang, T. Zhao, and C. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2020, vol. 51, pp. 1947–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Z. Chang, K. Jiao, J. Zhang, X. Ning, and Z. Liu: ISIJ Int., 2018, vol. 58, pp. 2173–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. T. Lienert, T. Siewert, S. Basu, and V. Acoff: ASM Handbook, Volume 6A: Welding Fundamentals and Processes, ASM International Materials Park, 2011, pp. 55–63.

  13. Z. Pu, J. Huang, J. Li, H. Feng, X. Wang, and X. Yin: J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2021, vol. 563, 120817.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. G.H. Kim and I. Sohn: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2019, vol. 102, pp. 6575–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. M. Hayashi, N. Nabeshima, H. Fukuyama, and K. Nagata: ISIJ Int., 2002, vol. 42, pp. 352–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. G.H. Zhang and K.C. Chou: Ironmak. Steelmak., 2013, vol. 40, pp. 376–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Z. Wang, P. Tang, G. Wen, and Q. Liu: ISIJ Int., 2019, vol. 59, pp. 367–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. R. Xu, J. Zhang, X. Fan, W. Zheng, and Y. Zhao: ISIJ Int., 2017, vol. 57, pp. 1887–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Zhang, C. Wang, and T. Coetsee: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2021, vol. 52, pp. 1937–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. X. Yuan, M. Zhong, Y. Wu, and C. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2022, vol. 53, pp. 656–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J.H. Shim, Y.J. Oh, J.Y. Suh, Y.W. Cho, J.D. Shim, J.S. Byun, and D.N. Lee: Acta Mater., 2001, vol. 49, pp. 2115–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Y. Kang, J. Jang, J.H. Park, and C. Lee: Met. Mater. Int., 2014, vol. 20, pp. 119–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. L. Zhang and S. Jahanshahi: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1998, vol. 29, pp. 177–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Kusumoto, R.G. Hill, N. Karpukhina, and R.V. Law: J. Non-Cryst. Solids: X, 2019, vol. 1, 100008.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. H.S. Park, S.S. Park, and I. Sohn: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 692–99.

    Google Scholar 

  26. H. Ma, K. Jiao, J. Zhang, Y. Zong, J. Zhang, and S. Meng: Ceram. Int., 2021, vol. 47, pp. 17445–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. M.S. Seo and I. Sohn: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2019, vol. 102, pp. 6275–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. L. Zheng, H. Li, X. Wang, Z. Jiang, and H. Feng: ISIJ Int., 2021, vol. 61, pp. 1784–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J.B. Kim and I. Sohn: ISIJ Int., 2014, vol. 54, pp. 2050–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. I. Sohn and D.J. Min: Steel Res. Int., 2012, vol. 83, pp. 611–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. G. Urbain, Y. Bottinga, and P. Richet: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1982, vol. 46, pp. 1061–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Z. Yan, R.G. Reddy, X. Lv, Z. Pang, and C. Bai: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2018, vol. 50, pp. 251–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Lee and D.J. Min: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2017, vol. 100, pp. 2543–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J.S. Choi, T.J. Park, and D.J. Min: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2021, vol. 104, pp. 140–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. T.S. Kim, S.J. Jeong, and J.H. Park: Met. Mater. Int., 2019, vol. 26, pp. 1872–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. J.H. Park: ISIJ Int., 2012, vol. 52, pp. 1627–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. D. Virgo, B.O. Mysen, and I. Kushiro: Science, 1980, vol. 208, pp. 1371–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. S. Yu, S. Liu, M. Xie, Z. Li, and J. Wang: Acta Metall. Sin., 1998, vol. 34, pp. 91–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Z. Wang, J. Zhang, M. Zhong, and C. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2022, vol. 53, pp. 1364–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. J.D. Frantza and B.O. Mysen: Chem. Geol., 1995, vol. 121, pp. 155–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Y. Sun, H. Wang, and Z. Zhang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2018, vol. 49, pp. 677–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. P. McMillan: Am. Mineral., 1984, vol. 69, pp. 645–59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. K.C. Mills: ISIJ Int., 2016, vol. 56, pp. 1–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. S. Hayakawa, A. Nakao, C. Ohtsutki, A. Osaka, S. Matsumoto, and Y. Miura: J. Mater. Res., 1998, vol. 13, pp. 739–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. T.J. Kiczenski and J.F. Stebbins: J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2002, vol. 306, pp. 160–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. T.J. Kiczenski, L. Du, and J.F. Stebbins: J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2004, vol. 337, pp. 142–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos., U20A20277, 52104295, 52150610494, 52011530180, and 52050410341), Research Fund for Central Universities (Grant Nos. N2125003, N2025025), and the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Grant No. AWJ-22M23).

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China

    Yanyun Zhang, Zhanjun Wang, Jiawen Zhang & Cong Wang

  2. School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China

    Yanyun Zhang, Zhanjun Wang, Jiawen Zhang & Cong Wang

  3. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China

    Zhanjun Wang

  4. WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK

    Zushu Li

  5. Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, 400076, India

    Somnath Basu

Authors
  1. Yanyun Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhanjun Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jiawen Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zushu Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Somnath Basu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Cong Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cong Wang.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix: Deconvolution Results of Raman and XPS Spectra

Appendix: Deconvolution Results of Raman and XPS Spectra

See Figures A1 and A2.

Fig. A1
figure 8

Fitting results of Raman spectra of (a) F20, (b) F30, (c) F40, and (d) F50

Full size image
Fig. A2
figure 9

Fitting results of XPS spectra of (a) F20, (b) F30, (c) F40, and (d) F50

Full size image

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, J. et al. Probing Viscosity and Structural Variations in CaF2–SiO2–MnO Welding Fluxes. Metall Mater Trans B 53, 2814–2823 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-022-02566-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-022-02566-7

Search

Navigation