Abstract
The molten Na2CO3-assisted carbothermic reduction followed by water leaching is a promising process to comprehensively utilize the titanomagnetite concentrate. In this study, the effects of temperature, graphite component, and Na2CO3 component on the iso-carbothermic reduction of titanomagnetite in argon atmosphere were investigated. Thermodynamic analysis results speculated reduction of iron oxides in titanomagnetite concentrate in Na-Fe-Ti-C-O system at 1423 K to 1523 K were feasible, and low-valence titanium oxide was not formed with the existence of Na2O. The iso-reaction mechanisms and kinetic analyses of Na2CO3-titanomagnetite, Na2CO3-graphite, graphite-titanomagnetite, and Na2CO3-graphite-titanomagnetite were investigated at 1523 K. In the roasting process of Na2CO3 and titanomagnetite, Na2CO3 destroyed the crystal structure of titanomagnetite and oxidized Fe2+ to Fe3+, generating CO gas. Thus, with the assistance of Na2CO3, the carbothermic reduction rate of titanomagnetite was expedited. Compared with the direct reduction process, after adding Na2CO3, the apparent reduction activation energy of iron oxides decreased from 165.56 to 87.25 kJ·mol−1.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Zheng, F. Chen, Y. Guo, T. Jiang, A.Y. Travyanov, and G. Qiu: JOM, 2016, vol. 68, pp. 1476–84.
Y. M. Zhang. Study on the new technology of direct reduction-sodium oxidation-smelting separation coupled technology for high chromium vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite, Ph.D., University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, pp. 3–5.
M. Hu, L. Liu, X. Lv, C. Bai, and S. Zhang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2014, vol. 45B, pp. 76–85.
L. Zhang, L.N. Zhang, M.Y. Wang, G.Q. Li, and Z.T. Sui: Miner. Eng., 2007, vol. 20, pp. 684–93.
Y.L. Zhen, G.H. Zhang, and K.C. Chou: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2015, vol. 46B, pp. 155–61.
S. Wang, Y. Guo, T. Jiang, L. Jiang, F. Chen, F. Zheng, X. Xie, and M. Tang: JOM, 2017, vol. 69, pp. 1646–53.
Y. Sui, Y. Guo, T. Jiang, X. Xie, S. Wang, and F. Zheng: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2017, vol. 24, pp. 10–17.
Y. Zhang, L. Wang, D. Chen, W. Wang, Y. Liu, H. Zhao, and T. Qi: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2018, vol. 25, pp. 131–44.
X. Li, J. Kou, T. Sun, and Y. Zhao: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2020, vol. 27, pp. 301–09.
L.Y. Shi, Y.L. Zhen, D.S. Chen, and L.N. Wang: ISIJ Int., 2018, vol. 58, pp. 627–32.
L. Chen, Y. Zhen, G. Zhang, D. Chen, L. Wang, H. Zhao, F. Meng and T. Qi: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2160-7 (2020).
F. Meng, Y. Liu, T. Xue, Q. Su, W. Wang, and T. Qi: RSC Adv., 2016, vol. 6, pp. 112625–33.
J. Kim and H. Lee: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2001, vol. 32B, pp. 17–24.
D. Chakraborty, S. Ranganathan, and S. Sinha: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2010, vol. 41B, pp. 10–18.
C.W. Bale and P. Chartrand, S. A. Degterov, G. Eriksson, K. Hack, R. Ben Mahfoud, J. Melançon, A. D. Pelton and S. Petersen: CALPHAD, 2002, vol. 26, pp. 189–228.
T. Hu, X.W. Lv, C.G. Bai, Z.G. Lun, and G.B. Qiu: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2013, vol. 44B, pp. 252–60.
J. Tao and L. Zheng: Metall. Anal., 2009, vol. 29, pp. 65–68.
H.L. Han, D.P. Duan, S.M. Chen, and P. Yuan: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2015, vol. 46B, pp. 2208–17.
Z.H. Tang, X.Y. Ding, X.L. Yan, Y. Dong, and C.H. Liu: Metals, 2018, vol. 8, p. 936.
G.H. Zhang and K.C. Chou: J. Min. Metall. Sect. B Metall., 2012, vol. 48, pp. 1–10.
D. Chen, B. Song, L. Wang, T. Qi, Y. Wang, and W. Wang: Miner. Eng., 2011, vol. 24, pp. 864–69.
R.Z. Xu, J.L. Zhang, W.X. Han, Z.Y. Chang, and K.X. Jiao: Ironmak. Steelmak., 2018, vol. 47, pp. 168–72.
M. Li, T. Utigard, and M. Barati: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2015, vol. 46B, pp. 74–82.
S.K. El-Rahaiby, Y. Sasaki, D.R. Gaskell, and G.R. Belton: Metall. Trans. B, 1986, vol. 17B, pp. 307–16.
S. Sun, Y. Sasaki, and G.R. Belton: Metall. Trans. B, 1988, vol. 19B, pp. 959–65.
M. Barati and K.S. Coley: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2006, vol. 37B, pp. 61–69.
M. Barati and K.S. Coley: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2005, vol. 36B, pp. 169–78.
A.M. Ginstling and B.I. Brounshtein: J. Appl. Chem., 1950, vol. 23, pp. 1327–38.
W. Jander: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1927, vol. 163, pp. 1–30.
M.P. Antony, A. Jha, and V. Tathavadkar: Min. Proc. Ext. Met., 2006, vol. 115, pp. 71–79.
J.W. Kim, Y.D. Lee, and H.G. Lee: ISIJ Int., 2004, vol. 44, pp. 334–41.
S.S. Liu, Y.F. Guo, G.Z. Qiu, and T. Jiang: Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2014, vol. 24, pp. 3372–77.
Y.L. Zhen, G.H. Zhang, and K.C. Chou: Metall. Res. Technol., 2016, vol. 113, p. 507.
R. Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi and E. Amini-Kahrizsangi: Int. J. Refract. Met. H., 2009, vol. 27, pp. 637–41.
S. Vyazovkin and C.A. Wight: Thermochim. Acta, 1999, vol. 340, pp. 53–68.
A. Tomita: Catal. Surv. Jpn., 2001, vol. 5, pp. 17–24.
Acknowledgments
Financial support for this study was received from the National Key R & D Program of China (2018YFC1900500), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDC04010100), Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. QYZDJ-SSW-JSC021), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21908231), Special Project for Transformation of Major Technological Achievements in Hebei province (19044012Z), Province Key R & D Program of Hebei (20374105D), and CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team. The support from these agencies is gratefully acknowledged.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted June 13, 2021; accepted April 8, 2022.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, LM., Zhen, YL., Zhang, GH. et al. Mechanism of Sodium Carbonate-Assisted Carbothermic Reduction of Titanomagnetite Concentrate. Metall Mater Trans B 53, 2272–2292 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-022-02528-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-022-02528-z