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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 June 2022
This article analyzes the meanings and uses of crosses in the interactions among diverse indigenous groups and colonizers in the Sonoran frontier of northern New Spain during the eighteenth century and beyond. By showing that colonial expansion was a process that included persuasion within a context of violence, it highlights diplomacy through exchanges facilitated by cultural parallels and hybridity between Christian and precontact Amerindian symbols and rituals. This approach illustrates that the sign of the cross became a widespread mechanism for initiating peaceful interactions. The emphasis on the hybrid use of crosses provides insight into the fluid interactions among Natives and colonizers through the adoption of this symbol and the role these Native groups had in implanting colonial culture in their societies. Ultimately, it shows the indigenous peoples’ reactions and strategies under colonial presence.
I extend my sincerest gratitude to these institutions and endowments, which funded the research and writing of this article: Institute for the Study of the Americas, the Americas Research Network, the Clein Family Endowed Fund for Faculty and Graduate Student Support in History, and the Faherty Fund for Research in Military History. I also want to thank the scholars who kindly provided me with their time, knowledge, and support: Cynthia Radding, Brandon Bayne, Kathleen DuVal, Wayne Lee, Juliana Barr, Susan Deeds, Kathryn Burns, Ana Luz Ramírez Zavala, Ignacio Almada Bay, José Marcos Medina Bustos; friends and colleagues Alyssa Skarbek, Angélica Castillo, Nathan Gill, Daniel Velásquez, Achsah Dorsey, Eric Thomas, Anderson Hagler, Justin Blanton, Daniel Morgan, Dalvin Tsay, Till Knobloch, and Laura Cox; the editors Mary Karasch, Matthew DeLaMater, and John F. Schwaller; and The Americas’ anonymous reviewers.
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