Abstract
Purpose
Douglas-fir occupies a growing role in the European timber industries but its effects on soils and the environment are still not well understood. We monitored the biogeochemical cycle of major elements in 11 representative mature stands throughout France over the 2013 to 2020 period to better understand repercussions on soil processes.
Methods
The present study is focused on throughfall and soil solution chemistry: concentrations were measured monthly at 15 cm and 60 cm depth and fluxes of major anions and cations were computed.
Results
Our results show that nitrate strongly dominated the soil solution chemistry: concentrations were elevated (>20 mg L−1) for 8 out of 11 sites with mean annual NO3− values ranging from 2 to 253 mg L−1. Fluxes of nitrate at 60 cm of depth, ranging from 23 to 309 kg ha−1 yr−1, were much higher than those in throughfall for nine studied sites. Nitrate, which was the dominant anion in soil solution, associated either to Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+, or to Al3+ was lost out of the soil-plant system through leaching.
Conclusions
These results suggest a production of NO3− in the soil exceeding tree uptake and microbial immobilization resulting in strong ongoing soil acidification at many sites and potential degradation of water quality. Significant negative correlations were found between nitrate concentration in soil solution and sandy texture, soil C and N, site elevation and, annual rainfall, but further research is necessary to clarify the role of these factors in reducing the negative impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to the French weather Agency ‘Météofrance’ for providing us crucial weather data and to Manuel Nicolas for its valuable data from Renecofor. We are grateful to Bruno Gratia who participated in setting up the network and to its proper management at the beginning of the experiment. We also thank all collaborators who permitted to acquire data on the field: Laurent Bissonnier, Marc Lafaye, Cristel Joseph, Louis Gilet, Magali Maviel, Yann Mozziconacci, Bernard Catry, Jean-François Sinet, Noémie Havet, Marion Bolac. We thank ONF, FEDER and LHOIST for financial supports. We also acknowledge the French National Research Agency through the Cluster of Excellence ARBRE (ANR-11-LABX-0002-01) and the mobile lab (M-POETE) of ANAEE-France (ANR-11-INBS-0001) for support on the experiment.
Funding
The experiment of this study was funded by ONF, FEDER, LHOIST, the grant ARBRE (ANR-11-LABX-0002-01) and the mobile lab (M-POETE) of ANAEE-France (ANR-11-INBS-0001).
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Pascal Bonnaud, Arnaud Reichard, Gilles Nourrisson: collected data, conducted experimental monitoring and chemical analyses.
Arnaud Legout, Bernd Zeller and Jacques Ranger: Conceived the experiment design, contributed data and analysis tool, reviewed and edited the study.
Gregory van der Heijden; contributed data and conceived hydrological model design, reviewed and edited the study.
Alexia Paul: performed the analysis, wrote the paper, reviewed and edited the study.
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Paul, A., Legout, A., Zeller, B. et al. Soil solution chemistry in 11 monitoring plots of Douglas-fir plantations in France: implications for soil fertility. Plant Soil 479, 207–231 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05510-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05510-5