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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter June 15, 2019

Suitability of Flash Media for the Long-Term Storage of Information

  • Joe Iraci

    Joe Iraci is a Senior Conservation Scientist in the Conservation Science Division at the Canadian Conservation Institute. He has been performing research studies on electronic media for the past 23 years. His research work includes examining the stability and degradation of analog and digital electronic storage media. Mr Iraci has delivered many workshops across Canada, teaching participants from archives, libraries, and museums about the preservation of electronic media.

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Abstract

Flash storage media such as memory cards and USB flash drives are now commonly used to transfer and store information. However, little is known about the long-term stability of this type of media and this is a concern for archives and other institutions as they begin to receive content stored on these devices. In this study, the stabilities of a variety of different flash media were examined. The evaluation was performed by using accelerated ageing at 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity (RH) and 125 °C for ageing intervals up to 2000 hours. Measurements were also performed on samples previously subjected to accelerated ageing and then naturally aged for five years to verify the results from the accelerated ageing experiments. Overall, the stability of flash media was very good. For many of the samples, no read errors were encountered after accelerated or natural ageing. However, for several of the high capacity flash card samples and USB flash drives, significant decreases in read speed were noted. This can be problematic because it will eventually lead to read errors. It was established that for the USB samples this instability was likely attributed to the use of the less stable TLC (triple-level cell) memory chip.

Zusammenfassung

Die Eignung von Flash Medien für die Langzeitspeicherung von Informationen

Flash-Speichermedien wie Speicherkarten und USB-Sticks werden heute häufig zum Übertragen und Speichern von Informationen verwendet. Es ist jedoch wenig über die Langzeitstabilität dieser Art von Medien bekannt, und dies ist ein Problem für Archive und andere Institutionen, da sie anfangen, auf diesen Geräten gespeicherte Inhalte zu erhalten. In dieser Studie wurden die Stabilität verschiedener Flashmedien untersucht. Die Bewertung wurde unter Verwendung einer beschleunigten Alterung bei 85°C und 85% relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit (RH) und 125°C für Alterungszeiträume von bis zu 2000 Stunden durchgeführt. Messungen wurden auch an Proben durchgeführt, die zuvor einer beschleunigten Alterung unterzogen worden waren und anschließend fünf Jahre auf natürliche Weise gealtert worden waren, um die Ergebnisse der Versuche zur beschleunigten Alterung zu überprüfen. Insgesamt war die Stabilität von Flash-Medien sehr gut. Bei vielen Proben traten nach einer beschleunigten oder natürlichen Alterung keine Lesefehler auf. Bei einigen der Flash-Karten mit hoher Kapazität und USB-Sticks wurde jedoch eine deutliche Verringerung der Lesegeschwindigkeit festgestellt. Dies kann problematisch sein, da dies schließlich zu Lesefehlern führen kann. Es wurde festgestellt, dass diese Instabilität bei den USB-Sticks wahrscheinlich auf die Verwendung des weniger stabilen TLC-Speicherchips (Triple Level Cell) zurückzuführen ist.

Resumé

L’adéquation des Flash Media pour le stockage d’information à long terme

Les Flash Media d’enregistrement tels que les cartes de sauvegarde et les clés USB sont communément utilisés pour transférer ou stocker des informations. Cependant, on sait peu de chose sur la stabilité à long terme de ce type de média et ceci pose problème aux archives et à d’autres institutions étant donné qu’elles commencent à recevoir des contenus stockés sur ce type d’appareils. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié la stabilité d’une variété de différents Flash Media. L’évaluation s’est effectuée en utilisant un vieillissement accéléré à 85°c et 85% d’humidité relative et à 125°c pendant des intervalles de vieillissement allant jusqu` à 2000 heures. Les mesures ont aussi été réalisées sur des échantillons au préalable vieillis artificiellement et ensuite vieillis naturellement pendant cinq ans pour vérifier les résultats des expériences de vieillisement accéléré. De manière générale, la stabilité des Flash Media est très bonne. Sur de nombreux échantillons, nous n’avons pas constaté d’erreurs de lecture après vieillissement accéléré ou naturel. Cependant, plusieurs cartes à haute capacité et certaines clés USB ont révélé une réduction de la vitesse de lecture. Cela peut être problématique dans la mesure où cela peut induire des erreurs de lecture. Il a été établi que sur les échantillons USB, cette instabilité peut être attribuée à l’usage d’une carte mémoire TLC (Triple Level Cell) moins stable.

About the author

Joe Iraci

Joe Iraci is a Senior Conservation Scientist in the Conservation Science Division at the Canadian Conservation Institute. He has been performing research studies on electronic media for the past 23 years. His research work includes examining the stability and degradation of analog and digital electronic storage media. Mr Iraci has delivered many workshops across Canada, teaching participants from archives, libraries, and museums about the preservation of electronic media.

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Received: 2019-01-16
Revised: 2019-05-03
Accepted: 2019-05-16
Published Online: 2019-06-15
Published in Print: 2019-07-26

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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