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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter July 10, 2018

Composition and source of white precipitations on the inner side of papyrus glazings

  • Jörg Graf

    Jörg Graf is since June 2009 the Head of Conservations department of the University Library Leipzig. His professional life began with training as a bookbinder. He then passed the state-certified restorer exam in 2000. The training as a papyrus restorer took place in the workshop of the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. Since 1997 he has been in charge of the Papyrus Collection Leipzig with respect to conservation and restoration issues. He is concerned with the preservation, production and storage methods of papyrus.

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    , Beate Villmann

    Dr. rer. nat. Beate Villmann graduated in Physics from the Technical University of Merseburg and received her doctorate from the University of Rostock in 1993. She contributed to various research projects before she joined the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences in 1999. Her main field of research is the combined application of experimental and numerical methods for the identification of material properties. She has particular expertise in electron microscopy and is interested in a variety of different materials ranging from building materials to historical pigments and dyes. Furthermore, Dr. Villmann is lecturer for Building Physics.

    and Evelyn Schlattner

    Dipl.-Chem. Evelyn Schlattner graduated in Chemistry from the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin in 1982. She worked in the energy industry and later at the Academy of Science in Leipzig in the field of material testing. In 1994, Mrs. Schlattner joined the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences and contributed to several research projects dealing with the characterization of building materials. Furthermore, she is involved in teaching Material Science.

Abstract

Traditionally papyrus fragments are stored between glass panels in many museum collections. In most exhibits a white precipitation is formed on the inner surface of the glazing which complicates reading and digitalization. With the help of the present study the question of the origin and possibilities for avoiding these precipitations should be answered. It could be shown that the precipitations consist of the salts sodium chloride and sodium nitrate. The chloride and nitrate ions for the salt formation stem from the papyrus whereas the sodium ions are dissolved from the float glass. By the use of higher-quality glass such as borosilicate glass this process can be prevented or at least slowed down. Furthermore a storage of the exhibits at relative humidities below 0 % is recommended.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammensetzung und Ursprung weißer Niederschläge auf den Innenseiten der Verglasung von Papryri

In vielen Sammlungen werden Papyrusfragmente traditionell zwischen Glasplatten aufbewahrt. Bei den meisten Exponaten bildet sich im Laufe der Zeit ein weißer Niederschlag auf den Innenseiten der Verglasung, der das Lesen und die Digitalisierung erschwert. Mit den vorliegenden Untersuchungen sollte die Frage nach der Ursache und nach Möglichkeiten der Vermeidung dieser Niederschläge beantwortet werden. Es zeigte sich, dass die Niederschläge aus den Salzen Natriumchlorid und Natriumnitrat bestehen. Die Chlorid- und Nitrationen für die Salzbildung stammen aus dem Papyrus, während die Natriumionen aus dem Glas herausgelöst werden. Durch Verwendung hochwertiger Gläser wie Borosilikatglas kann dieser Prozess verhindert oder zumindest deutlich verlangsamt werden. Dazu trägt außerdem eine Lagerung der Exponate bei relativen Luftfeuchten unter 70 % bei.

Résumé

Caractérisation de la composition et de l´origine des précipités blancs à l´intérieur des encadrements de papyrus

Les fragments de papyrus sont, dans de nombreuses collections muséales traditionnellement conservés entre des plaques de verre. Dans la plupart de ces encadrements se forme sur la surface interne du verre des précipités blancs qui compliquent la lecture et la numérisation. Cette étude vise à éclaircir la question de l´origine et des méthodes visant à éviter ce phénomène. Nous avons montré que les précipités sont des sels de chlorure et de nitrate de sodium. Les ions de chlorure et de nitrate proviennent des papyrus alors que ceux de sodium émanent du verre flotté communément utilisé. Ce phénomène peut être évité ou au moins ralenti grâce à l´emploi d´un verre de borosilicate de meilleure qualité. De plus, un conditionnement des objets à une humidité relative en dessous de 70 % est conseillé.

About the authors

Jörg Graf

Jörg Graf is since June 2009 the Head of Conservations department of the University Library Leipzig. His professional life began with training as a bookbinder. He then passed the state-certified restorer exam in 2000. The training as a papyrus restorer took place in the workshop of the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. Since 1997 he has been in charge of the Papyrus Collection Leipzig with respect to conservation and restoration issues. He is concerned with the preservation, production and storage methods of papyrus.

Beate Villmann

Dr. rer. nat. Beate Villmann graduated in Physics from the Technical University of Merseburg and received her doctorate from the University of Rostock in 1993. She contributed to various research projects before she joined the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences in 1999. Her main field of research is the combined application of experimental and numerical methods for the identification of material properties. She has particular expertise in electron microscopy and is interested in a variety of different materials ranging from building materials to historical pigments and dyes. Furthermore, Dr. Villmann is lecturer for Building Physics.

Evelyn Schlattner

Dipl.-Chem. Evelyn Schlattner graduated in Chemistry from the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin in 1982. She worked in the energy industry and later at the Academy of Science in Leipzig in the field of material testing. In 1994, Mrs. Schlattner joined the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences and contributed to several research projects dealing with the characterization of building materials. Furthermore, she is involved in teaching Material Science.

Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the Project „Bremer Papyri glasklar – Neuverglasung und Erforschung von Papyri aus dem 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.“ (State and University Library Bremen; Head: M. Hermes-Wladarsch), Kulturstiftung der Länder, Coordination Center for the Preservation of Written Cultural Heritage (KEK). We like to thank U. Greif and J. Gebhardt (HTWK Leipzig; Faculty of Informatics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences) for the performance of the IR spectroscopic measurements, the ion chromatography and the ICP measurements and H. Evers (HTWK Leipzig; Faculty of Civil Engineering) for supporting the photographic documentation.

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Received: 2018-03-09
Revised: 2018-05-07
Accepted: 2018-05-18
Published Online: 2018-07-10
Published in Print: 2018-07-26

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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