Abstract
A field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis was carried out to determine the origin of the oriental printing inks used in The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, which are a national treasure of the Republic of Korea and listed in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register. The average diameters of the carbon black found in the printing inks of all the samples were in the range of 30–500 nm. The carbon black diameters of the printing inks in J-Se 68, J-Se 124, and T-Gwang 37 were 80–130 nm, whereas those of the printing inks in J-Seong 1, T-In 46, and T-Heon 4 were larger than 150 nm. It could be concluded that the printing inks in J-Se 68, J-Se 124, and T-Gwang 37 are lampblack ink, and those in J-Seong 1, T-In 46, and T-Heon 4 are charcoal ink. Furthermore, the results of infrared (IR) and principal component analysis (PCA) of printing inks suggest that there was no difference in the binding medium used in the manufacturing process of the charcoal ink stick and the lampblack ink stick.
Zusammenfassung
Untersuchung der Druckfarbe in den Annalen der Joseon-Dynastie
Die Annalen der Joseon-Dynastie gehören zum Nationalen Kulturgut der Republik Korea und sind im UNESCO-Welterbe gelistet. Im Rahmen der materialtechnologischen Untersuchungen der Annalen wurde auch die Druckfarbe mittels Rasterelektronen-Mikroskopie analysiert. Die Partikel der Tinte hatten einen durchschnittlichen Durchmesser von 30 bis 500 nm. Die Durchmesser der Partikel von J-Se 68, J-Se 124 und T-Gwang 37 betrugen 80–130 nm, während jene von J-Seong 1, T-In 46 und T- Heon 4 größer als 150 nm waren. Daraus wurde gefolgert, dass die Druckfarben ersterer aus Rußpartikeln und diejenigen letzterer aus Kohlepartikeln bestehen. Darüber hinaus legen die Ergebnisse der Infrarot (IR)- und der Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) der Druckfarben nahe, dass bei der Herstellung keine unterschiedlichen Bindemittel für Druckfarben auf Ruß- bzw. Kohlepigment-Basis verwendet wurden.
Résumé
La détermination de l’encre orientale utilisée pour l’impression des “Annales de la dynastie Joseon”
Une analyse sous microscope électronique à balayage a été réalisée pour déterminer l’origine des encres orientales d’impression utilisées dans les “Annales de la dynastie Joseon” qui sont un trésor national de la République de Corée et inscrites sur le registre de l’UNESCO Mémoire du monde.
Le diamètre moyen du noir de carbone trouvé dans les encres d’impression de tous les échantillons s’échelonne de 30 à 500 nm. Le diamètre du noir de carbone des manuscrits J-Se 68, J-Se 124 et T-Gwang 37 est de 80 à 130 nm, alors que celui des encres des manuscrits J-Seong 1, T-in 46 et T-Heon 4 fait plus de 150 nm. On pourrait conclure que les encres d’impression de J-Se 68, J-Se 124 et T-Gwang 37 sont des encres au noir de chandelle alors que celles de J-Seong 1, T-in 46 et T-Heon 4 sont des encres au charbon. De plus, les résultats des analyses infra-rouge et du constituant principal des encres suggèrent qu’il n’y a pas de différence de colle utilisée dans le processus de fabrication des bâtons d’encre au charbon et de ceux d’encre au noir de chandelle durant la dynastie Joseon.
About the authors
Tae-Jin Eom is a professor in Wood Science and Technology, School of Forestry, Sciences and Landscape Agriculture, Kyungpook National University. He participated in a project to preserve The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty under the funding of the Cultural Heritage Administration in the Republic of Korea. His major is the analysis of the chemical behavior of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in wood and pulp (paper).
Kang-Jae Kim is a scientist at the Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute and part-time lecturer at the Major in Wood Science and Technology, School of Forestry, Sciences and Landscape Agriculture, Kyungpook National University. He analyzed the aging behavior of beeswax and cellulose in ancient documents in the preservation project of The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the R&D Project hosted by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage Administration (No. NRICH-1107-B02F) and National Archives, Ministry of the Interior (No. 1315000164), Republic of Korea, which is gratefully acknowledged.
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