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Spatial patchiness and association of pests and natural enemies in agro-ecosystems and their application in precision pest management: a review

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Abstract

Natural enemies can effectively reduce pest populations when they coincide spatially and temporally with those populations. Therefore, along with temporal synchronization, the spatial association of pests and natural enemies is also necessary to increase the efficiency of biological control. The aims of this review were to assess the current state of knowledge concerning the spatial association of pests and their natural enemies in agro-ecosystems, evaluate its application in precision pest management programs and highlight the relevant gaps in the existing literature. Spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) and geostatistics are adequate sets of statistical tools used to study spatial patchiness and association of pests and natural enemies, especially in field crops. Spatial association between pests and natural enemies is dynamic and many biotic and abiotic factors can influence it. According to the literature, there are important gaps in the research about the spatial association of pests and natural enemies in orchards and stored products, as well as about the effects of environmental factors on the spatial association between these organisms. Mapping the spatial distribution and association of pests and natural enemies’ populations has not been used in precision biological control until recently. Precision applications focus on the targeted application of agricultural inputs in management zones rather than whole-field treatments. Information about spatial distribution and association of pests and natural enemies can be used to improve pest management practices through precision or site-specific applications of chemical and biological control measures.

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  1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Roghaiyeh Karimzadeh

  2. Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

    Andrea Sciarretta

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Karimzadeh, R., Sciarretta, A. Spatial patchiness and association of pests and natural enemies in agro-ecosystems and their application in precision pest management: a review. Precision Agric 23, 1836–1855 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-022-09902-6

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