Abstract
Due to the fact that by-product gases constitute significant secondary energy sources in iron and steel enterprises, their reasonable distribution is critical for energy conservation and consumption reduction. In the current study, there is a lack of in-depth thinking about the impact on an entire system owing to the adjustment of single equipment in the process. In this paper, the model combined of gas distribution, steam, and electricity optimization is established based on the mechanism. By using a typical enterprise scene of adjusting the by-product gas combustion ratio of heating furnace, the impact of changes in surplus gas on the Gas–Steam–Electricity network is analyzed. When the ratio of coke-oven gas:blast furnace gas:basic oxygen furnace gas is 2:2:1, the lowest operating cost of the entire system is 95.511 CNY/t-cs, and thus, 5.2619 million CNY can be saved every year. Therefore, the rational allocation and use of by-product gas can bring considerable benefits to the whole enterprise.
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Abbreviations
- COG:
-
Coke oven gas
- \({\text{t}}_{\text{HM}}\) :
-
Temperature of molten iron in steelmaking, °C
- BFG:
-
Blast furnace gas
- \({F}_{\mathrm{heat}}\) :
-
Heat supplement used in steelmaking, t/h
- BOFG:
-
Basic oxygen furnace gas
- \({\text{q}}_{\mathrm{heat}}\) :
-
Specific heat of heat supplement, kJ/(kg °C)
- \({C}_{i}\) :
-
Unit price of gas i, CNY/m3
- \({m}_{\mathrm{scrap}}\) :
-
Crap used in steelmaking, t/h
- \({C}_{\mathrm{coal}}\) :
-
Unit price of coal, CNY/kg
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{scrap}}\) :
-
Specific heat of molten scrap, kJ/(kg °C)
- \({C}_{\mathrm{buy}}^{\mathrm{ele}}\) :
-
Price of purchased electricity, CNY/kW·h
- \({\text{t}}_{\text{scrap}}\) :
-
Temperature of molten scrap, °C
- \({C}_{\mathrm{gen}}^{\mathrm{ele}}\) :
-
Price of electricity exported, CNY/kW·h
- \({\text{V}}_{\mathrm{BOFG}}\) :
-
BOFG production, Nm3/h
- \({C}_{\mathrm{ste},k}\) :
-
Cost of k steam production, CNY/t
- \({\text{q}}_{\text{BOFG}}\) :
-
Calorific value of BOFG, kJ/Nm3
- \({F}_{i}\) :
-
Gas i consumption, m3/h
- \({\text{m}}_{\mathrm{steel}}\) :
-
Output of molten steel, t/h
- \({F}_{\mathrm{coal}}\) :
-
Coal consumption, t/h
- \({\text{c}}_{\mathrm{steel}}\) :
-
Specific heat of molten steel outlet, kJ/(kg °C)
- \({E}_{\mathrm{buy}}\) :
-
Purchased electricity, kW·h
- \({\text{t}}_{\mathrm{steel}}\) :
-
Temperature of molten steel, °C
- \({E}_{\mathrm{gen}}\) :
-
Electricity exported, kW·h
- \({\text{m}}_{\text{slag,steel}}\) :
-
Output of molten slag in steelmaking, t/h
- \({F}_{\mathrm{ste},k}\) :
-
Steam k produced, m3/h
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{slag,steel}}\) :
-
Specific heat of slag in steelmaking, kJ/(kg °C)
- \({\text{F}}_{\text{coking}}\) :
-
Fuel demand in coking
- \({\text{t}}_{\text{slag,steel}}\) :
-
Temperature of slag in steelmaking, °C
- \({\text{q}}_{\text{coking}}\) :
-
Calorific value of coking fuel, kJ/Nm3
- \({D}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}}^{\mathrm{fw}}\) :
-
Feed water volume of k boilers, t/h
- \({\text{V}}_{\text{COG}}\) :
-
COG production, Nm3/h
- \({D}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}}^{\mathrm{st}}\) :
-
Evaporation volume of k boilers, t/h
- \({\text{q}}_{\text{COG}}\) :
-
Calorific value of COG, kJ/Nm3
- \({D}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}}^{\mathrm{sd}}\) :
-
Sewage volume of k boilers, t/h
- \({m}_{\mathrm{coal}}\) :
-
Coke produced, t/h
- \({h}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}}^{fw}\) :
-
k, boiler feedwater enthalpy, kJ/t
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{c.out}}\) :
-
Specific heat of coke out, kJ/(kg °C)
- \({h}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}}^{\mathrm{st}}\) :
-
K boiler steam enthalpy, kJ/t
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{c.in}}\) :
-
Specific heat of coke, kJ/(kg °C)
- \({h}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}}^{\mathrm{sd}}\) :
-
k Boiler sewage enthalpy, kJ/t
- \({\text{V}}_{\text{c.w}}\) :
-
Flue gas, Nm3/h
- \({V}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}.}^{m}\) :
-
Supply of mixed gas for k boilers, Nm3/h
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{p.c.w}}\) :
-
Specific heat of flue gas, kJ/(Nm3 °C)
- \({q}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}}^{m}\) :
-
Heating value of the mixed gas, kJ/m3
- \({\text{t}}_{\text{c.w}}\) :
-
Flue gas outlet temperature, °C
- \({m}_{\mathrm{coal}}\) :
-
Steam coal used in the 1025t boiler, t/h
- \({\text{F}}_{\text{ore}}\) :
-
Ore used in ironmaking, t/h
- \({D}_{\mathrm{in}}\) :
-
Intake steam volume, t/h
- \({\text{q}}_{\text{coke}}\) :
-
Heat brought in by iron coke, kJ/t
- \({D}_{\mathrm{ex}}\) :
-
Extraction steam volume
- \({\text{V}}_{\mathrm{air}}\) :
-
Air used in ironmaking, Nm3/h
- \({D}_{\mathrm{con}}\) :
-
Condensing steam volume, t/h
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{b.air}}\) :
-
Specific heat of hot air, kJ/(Nm3 °C)
- \({D}_{\mathrm{in}}^{\mathrm{min}}\) :
-
Lower limits of the intake steam, t/h
- \({\text{t}}_{\text{b.air}}\) :
-
Temperature of hot air, °C
- \({D}_{\mathrm{in}}^{\mathrm{max}}\) :
-
Upper limits of the intake steam, t/h
- \({\text{V}}_{\mathrm{BFG}}\) :
-
BFG production, Nm3/h
- \({D}_{\mathrm{ex}}^{\mathrm{min}}\) :
-
Lower limits of the output steam, t/h
- \({\text{q}}_{\text{BFG}}\) :
-
Calorific value of BFG, kJ/Nm3
- \({D}_{\mathrm{ex}}^{\mathrm{max}}\) :
-
Upper limits of the output steam, t/h
- \({V}_{\text{b.w}}\) :
-
Waste gas production, Nm3/h
- \({P}^{\mathrm{min}}\) :
-
Minimum load to satisfy extraction, t/h
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{p.b.w}}\) :
-
Specific heat of exhaust gas, kJ/(Nm3 °C)
- \({q}_{\mathrm{coal}}\) :
-
Heating value of 1025t boiler steam coal, kJ/t
- \({\text{q}}_{\text{ore}}\) :
-
Heat brought in by ore, kJ/t
- \({V}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}.}^{p}\) :
-
Flue gas from k boilers, Nm3/h
- \({\text{q}}_{\text{coal}}\) :
-
Heat brought in by coal, kJ/t
- \({q}_{\mathrm{boi}-\mathrm{kt}}^{p}\) :
-
Heating value of flue gas, kJ/m3
- \({P}^{\mathrm{max}}\) :
-
Maximum load to satisfy extraction, t/h
- \({\text{t}}_{\text{b.w}}\) :
-
Temperature of exhaust gas, °C
- \({D}_{i-\mathrm{rest}}\) :
-
Rest of steam i, t/h
- \({\text{m}}_{\text{iron}}\) :
-
Output of molten iron, t/h
- \({D}_{i-\mathrm{req}}\) :
-
Requirement of steam i, t/h
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{Iron}}\) :
-
Specific heat of molten iron, kJ/(kg °C)
- \({D}_{i-\mathrm{boi}-k}^{\mathrm{st}}\) :
-
Boiler k produces steam i, t/h
- \({\text{t}}_{\text{Iron}}\) :
-
Temperature of molten iron, °C
- \({V}_{\mathrm{gas}-i}\) :
-
Production of by-product gas i, Nm3/h
- \({\text{m}}_{\text{slag,iron}}\) :
-
Output of molten slag in ironmaking, t/h
- \({V}_{\mathrm{gas}-i,\mathrm{main}}\) :
-
Main processes demand gas i, Nm3/h
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{slag,iron}}\) :
-
Specific heat of slag, kJ/(kg °C)
- \({V}_{\mathrm{gas}-i,\mathrm{buffer}}\) :
-
Buffer users demand gas i, Nm3/h
- \({\text{F}}_{\text{coke}}\) :
-
Coke used in ironmaking, t/h
- \({\text{t}}_{\text{slag,iron}}\) :
-
Temperature of slag in ironmaking, °C
- \({\text{m}}_{\text{HM}}\) :
-
Molten iron used in steelmaking, t/h
- \({\text{c}}_{\text{HM}}\) :
-
Specific heat of molten iron, kJ/(kg °C)
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The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by Key R&D Plan of Liaoning Province (2021JH2/10300003 &2020JH2/10300103).
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Qiu, Z., Yuan, Y., Yan, T. et al. Optimization of Gas–Steam–Electricity Network of Typical Iron and Steel Enterprise. J. Sustain. Metall. 8, 806–814 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-022-00527-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-022-00527-7