Abstract
The predictive capabilities of some existing theoretical models to quantify thermodiffusion have been investigated in this work. To do so, the tests have been performed on two model fluids, the hard-sphere and the Lennard-Jones (including spheres and dimers) ones, exploring different mixtures and thermodynamic conditions thanks to extensive molecular simulations. It has been confirmed that the thermal diffusion factor should be expressed as the sum of one term related to the isotope effect and one term related to the “chemical” effects and that a kinetic term is required to quantify thermodiffusion from the gas state to the liquid state. In addition, regarding the isotope effects, it has been obtained that none of the available theoretical models are able to yield a reasonable prediction relatively to the molecular simulations results and that the moment of inertia contribution is one order of magnitude smaller than the mass contribution in the liquid state. Finally, concerning the chemical effects, it has been shown the Shukla and Firoozabadi model, complemented with a kinetic term, is probably the most reasonable option to estimate the chemical contribution to the thermal diffusion factor, even if it fails in capturing the effect of the asymmetry in size and in shape between the species. Overall, this works confirms that there is still a lack of a generic model able to predict accurately thermal diffusion factors, or equivalently Soret coefficient, in simple binary mixtures from the gas state to the liquid state.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Ludwig, Diffusion zwischen ungleich erwärmten Orten gleich zusammengesetzter Lösungen. Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math-Naturw. Kl. 20, 539 (1856)
C. Soret, Sur l’état d’équilibre que prend au point de vue de sa concentration une dissolution saline primitivement homogéne dont deux parties sont portées a des températures différentes. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve 2, 48–61 (1879)
C. Soret, Influence de la température sur la distribution des sels dans leurs solutions. Acad. Sci. Paris C. R. 91, 289–291 (1880)
C. Soret, Sur l’état d’équilibre que prend au point de vue de sa concentration une dissolution saline primitivement homohéne dont deux parties sont portées à des températures différentes. Ann. Chim. Phys. 22, 293–297 (1881)
F.S. Gaeta, U. Bencivenga, P. Canciglia, S. Rossi, D.G. Mita, Temperature gradients and prebiological evolution. Cell Biophys. 10, 103–125 (1987)
D. Braun, N.L. Goddard, A. Libchaber, Exponential DNA replication by laminar convection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 158103 (2003)
F. Montel, J. Bickert, A. Lagisquet, G. Galliero, Initial state of petroleum reservoirs: a comprehensive approach. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 58, 391–402 (2007)
S. Srinivasan, M.Z. Saghir, Thermodiffusion in Multicomponent Mixtures Thermodynamic, Algebraic, and Neuro-Computing Models (Springer, Berlin, 2013)
W. Hu, Q. Kang, Physical Science Under Microgravity: Experiments on Board the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite (Springer, Berlin, 2019)
H. Hoang, P. Nguyen, M. Pujol, G. Galliero, Elemental and isotopic fractionation of noble gases in gas and oil under reservoir conditions: impact of thermodiffusion. Eur. Phys. J. 42, 61–71 (2019)
M. Eslamian, M.Z. Saghir, Thermodiffusion applications in MEMS, NEMS and solar cell fabrication by thermal metal doping of semiconductors. Fluid Dyn. Mater. Process. 8, 353–380 (2012)
C. Zhao, A. Oztekin, X. Cheng, Measuring the Thermal Diffusion Coefficients of Artificial and Biological Particles in a Microfluidic Chip. APS Division of Fluid Dynamics Meeting Abstracts, D6-002 (2013)
W. Köhler, K.I. Morozov, The Soret effect in liquid mixtures—a review. J. Non Equilib. Thermodyn. 41, 151–197 (2016)
H. Baghooee, F. Montel, G. Galliero, W. Yan, A. Shapiro, A new approach to thermal segregation in petroleum reservoirs: algorithm and case studies. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 201, 108367 (2021)
S. Wiegand, Thermal diffusion in liquid mixtures and polymer solutions. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, R357R357-R379 (2004)
J.K. Platten, The Soret effect: a review of recent experimental results. J. Appl. Mech. 73, 5 (2006)
R. Piazza, Thermophoresis: moving particles with thermal gradients. Soft Matter 4, 1740 (2008)
P.-A. Artola, B. Rousseau, Thermal diffusion in simple liquid mixtures: what have we learnt from molecular dynamics simulations? Mol. Phys. 111, 3394–3403 (2013)
A. Würger, Is Soret equilibrium a non-equilibirum effect? C. R. Mécanique 341, 438–448 (2013)
M.A. Rahman, M.Z. Saghir, Thermodiffusion or Soret effect: historical review. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 73, 693–705 (2014)
J.K. Platten, M.M. Bou-Ali, P. Costesèque, J.F. Dutrieux, W. Köhler, C. Leppla, S. Wiegand, G. Wittko, Benchmark values for the Soret, thermal diffusion and diffusion coefficients of three binary organic liquid mixtures. Philos. Mag. 83, 1965 (2003)
M.M. Bou-Ali, A. Ahadi, D. Alonso de Mezquia, Q. Galand, M. Gebhardt, O. Khlybov, W. Köhler, M. Larrañaga, J.C. Legros, T. Lyubimova, A. Mialdun, I. Ryzhkov, M.Z. Saghir, V. Shevtsova, S. Van Vaerenbergh, Benchmark values for the Soret, thermodiffusion and molecular diffusion coefficients of the ternary mixture tetralin\(+\) isobutylbenzene\(+\) n-dodecane with 0.8–0.1-0.1 mass fraction. Eur. Phys. J. E 38, 30 (2015)
M. Touzet, G. Galliero, V. Lazzeri, M.Z. Saghir, F. Montel, J.C. Legros, Thermodiffusion: from microgravity experiments to the initial state of petroleum reservoirs. C. R. Mécanique 339, 318–323 (2011)
C. Giraudet, H. Bataller, F. Croccolo, High-pressure mass transport properties measured by dynamic near-field scattering of non-equilibrium fluctuations. Eur. Phys. J. E 37, 107 (2014)
G. Galliero, H. Bataller, J.-P. Bazile, J. Diaz, F. Croccolo, H. Hoang, R. Vermorel, P.-A. Artola, B. Rousseau, V. Vesovic, M.M. Bou-Ali, J.M.O. de Zárate, S. Xu, K. Zhang, F. Montel, A. Verga, O. Minster, Thermodiffusion in multicomponent n-alkane mixtures. NPJ Microgravity 3, 1–7 (2017)
I. Lizarraga, M. Mounir Bou-Ali, C. SantamaríaSantamaría, Thermodiffusion coefficient analysis of n-dodecane /n-hexane mixture at different mass fractions and pressure conditions. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 30, 591–598 (2018)
A. Perronace, G. Ciccotti, F. Leroy, A.H. Fuchs, B. Rousseau, Soret coefficient for liquid argon-krypton mixtures via equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics: a comparison with experiments. Phys. Rev. E 66, 031201 (2002)
P.-A. Artola, B. Rousseau, G. Galliero, A new model for thermal diffusion: kinetic approach. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 10963–10969 (2008)
G. Galliero, B. Duguay, J.-P. Caltagirone, F. Montel, Thermal diffusion sensitivity to the molecular parameters of a binary equimolar mixture, a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approach. Fluid Phase Equilib. 208, 171 (2003)
P.-A. Artola, B. Rousseau, Microscopic interpretation of a pure chemical contribution to the Soret effect. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 125901 (2007)
G. Galliero, S. Srinivasan, M.Z. Saghir, Estimation of thermodiffusion in ternary alkane mixtures using molecular dynamics simulations and an irreversible thermodynamics theory. High Temp. High Press. 38, 315–328 (2010)
S. Chapman, T. Cowling, The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981)
S.R. de Groot, P. Mazur, Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics (Dover Publication Inc, New York, 1953)
E.L. Dougherty, H.G. Drickamer, A theory of thermal diffusion in liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 23, 295 (1955)
E.L. Dougherty, H.G. Drickamer, Thermal diffusion and molecular motion in liquids. J. Phys. Chem. 59, 443–449 (1955)
L.J. Tichacek, W.S. Kmak, H.G. Drickamer, Thermal diffusion in liquids; the effect of non-ideality and association. J. Phys. Chem. 60, 660–665 (1956)
K. Shukla, A. Firoozabadi, A new model of thermal diffusion coefficients in binary hydrocarbon mixtures. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37, 3331–3342 (1998)
A. Firoozabadi, K. Ghorayeb, K. Shukla, Theoretical model of thermal diffusion factors in multicomponent mixtures. AIChE J. 46, 892–900 (2000)
E.D. Eastman, Thermodynamics of non-isothermal systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 48, 1482–1493 (1926)
I. Prigogine, L. de Brouckere, R. Amand, Recherches sur la thermodiffusion en phase liquide: (premiere communication). Physica 16, 577–598 (1950)
R. Haase, Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1969)
L.J.T.M. Kempers, A thermodynamics theory of the Soret effect in a multicomponent liquid. J. Chem. Phys. 90, 6541 (1989)
L.J.T.M. Kempers, A comprehensive thermodynamics theory of the Soret effect in a multicomponent gas, liquid, or solid. J. Chem. Phys. 115, 6330 (2001)
J. Farago, B. Rousseau, P.-A. Artola, On a variational approach to the Soret coefficient. J. Chem. Phys. 125, 164508 (2006)
K.I. Morozov, Soret effect in molecular mixtures. Phys. Rev. E 79, 031204 (2009)
S. Villain-Guillot, A. Würger, Thermal diffusion in a binary liquid due to rectified molecular fluctuations. Phys. Rev. E 83, 030501(R) (2011)
M.G. Gonzalez-Bagnoli, A.A. Shapiro, E.H. Stenby, Evaluation of thermodynamics models for thermal diffusion factor. Philos. Mag. 83, 2171–2183 (2003)
B. Hafskjold, T. Ikeshoji, S.K. Ratkje, On the molecular mechanism of thermal diffusion in liquids. Mol. Phys. 80, 1389–1412 (1993)
D. Reith, F. Müller-Plathe, On the nature of thermal diffusion in binary Lennard-Jones liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 112, 2436 (2000)
P. Bordat, D. Reith, F. Müller-Plathe, The influence of interaction details on the thermal diffusion in binary Lennard-Jones liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 115, 8978 (2001)
M. Zhang, F. Müller-Plathe, The Soret effect in dilute polymer solutions: influence of chain length, chain stiffness, and solvent quality. J. Chem. Phys. 125, 124903 (2006)
S. Yeganegi, M. Zolfaghari, Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics calculation of thermal diffusion factor in binary mixtures of hard spheres. Fluid Phase Equilibria 243, 161–165 (2006)
G. Galliero, M. Bugel, B. Duguay, F. Montel, Mass effect on thermodiffusion using molecular dynamics. J. Non Equilib. Thermodyn. 32, 251–258 (2007)
G. Galliero, C. Boned, Molecular dynamics study of the repulsive form influence of the interaction potential on structural, thermodynamic, interfacial, and transport properties. J. Chem. Phys. 129, 074506 (2008)
M.P. Allen, D.J. Tildesley, Computer Simulations of Liquids (Oxford University Press, New York, 1987)
P. Ungerer, B. Tavitian, A. Boutin, Applications of Molecular Simulation in the Oil and Gas Industry: Monte Carlo Methods (Editions Technip, Paris, 2005)
D.N. Theodorou, Progress and outlook in Monte Carlo simulations. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49, 3047–3058 (2010)
S. Di Lecce, T. Albrecht, F. Bresme, A computational approach to calculate the heat of transport of aqueous solutions. Sci. Rep. 7, 44833 (2017)
C. Debuschewitz, W. Köhler, Molecular origin of thermal diffusion in benzene \(+\) cyclohexane mixtures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 055901 (2001)
M.J. Assael, J.P.M. Trusler, T.F. Tsolakis, Thermophysical Properties of Fluids (Imperial College Press, London, 1996)
G. Galliero, C. Boned, Shear viscosity of the Lennard-Jones chain fluid in its gaseous, supercritical, and liquid states. Phys. Rev. E 79, 021201 (2009)
G. Galliero, C. Boned, Thermal conductivity of the Lennard-Jones chain fluid model. Phys. Rev. E 80, 061202 (2009)
I.H. Bell, S. Delage-Santacreu, H. Hoang, G. Galliero, Dynamic crossover in fluids: from hard spheres to molecules. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12, 6411–6417 (2021)
A. Ern, V. Giovangigli, Multicomponent Transport Algorithms. Lecture Notes in Physics m24 (Springer, Berlin, 1994)
J.M. Kincaid, E.G.D. Cohen, M. López de Haro, The Enskog theory for multicomponent mixtures. IV. Thermal diffusion. J. Chem. Phys. 86, 963 (1987)
J.M. Kincaid, B. Hafskjold, Thermal diffusion factors for the Lennard-Jones/spline system. Mol. Phys. 82, 1099–1114 (1994)
K.G. Denbigh, The heat of transport in binary regular solutions. Trans. Faraday Soc. 48, 1–8 (1952)
M. Eslamian, M.Z. Saghir, A dynamic thermodiffusion model for binary liquid mixtures. Phys. Rev. E 80, 011201 (2009)
E.A. Müller, K.E. Gubbins, Molecular-based equations of state for associating fluids: a review of SAFT and related approaches. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40, 2193–2211 (2001)
F. Montel, H. Hoang, G. Galliero, Linking up pressure, chemical potential and thermal gradients. Eur. Phys. J. E 42, 65 (2019)
H. Eyring, The activated complex in chemical reactions. J. Chem. Phys. 3, 107–115 (1935)
M.G. Evans, M. Polanyi, Some applications of the transition state method to the calculation of reaction velocities, especially in solution. Trans. Faraday Soc. 31, 875–894 (1935)
R.G. Mortimer, H. Eyring, Elementary transition state theory of the Soret and Dufour effects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 1728–1731 (1980)
B. Hafskjold, S.K. Ratkje, Criteria for local equilibrium in a system with transport of heat and mass. J. Stat. Phys. 78, 463 (1995)
A. Díaz Márquez, Molecular Basis of Thermophoresis, Phd Thesis, Université de Paris (2021)
G. Galliero, B. Duguay, J.P. Caltagirone, F. Montel, On thermal diffusion in binary and ternary Lennard-Jones mixtures by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. Philos. Mag. 83, 2097–2108 (2003)
K.S. Shing, K.E. Gubbins, The chemical potential in dense fluids and fluid mixtures via computer simulation. Mol. Phys. 46, 1109–1128 (1982)
P. Sindzingre, G. Ciccotti, D. Massobrio, D. Frenkel, Partial enthalpies and related quantities in mixtures from computer simulation. Chem. Phys. Lett. 136, 35–41 (1987)
P. Sindzingre, C. Massobrio, G. Ciccotti, D. Frenkel, Calculation of partial enthalpies of an argon-krypton mixture by molecular dynamics. Chem. Phys. 129, 213–224 (1989)
D.M. Heyes, A.C. Brańka, The influence of potential softness on the transport coefficients of simple fluids. J. Chem. Phys. 122, 234504 (2005)
J.E. Lennard-Jones, On the determination of molecular fields. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 106, 441 (1924)
F. Müller-Plathe, A simple nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method for calculating the thermal conductivity. J. Chem. Phys. 106, 6082 (1997)
H. Hoang, S. Delage-Santacreu, G. Galliero, Simultaneous description of equilibrium, interfacial, and transport properties of fluids using a Mie chain coarse-grained force field. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56, 9213–9226 (2017)
D. Bedrov, G.D. Smith, Thermal conductivity of molecular fluids from molecular dynamics simulations: application of a new imposed-flux method. J. Chem. Phys. 113, 8080 (2000)
C. Nieto-Draghi, J. Bonet Avalos, Non-equilibrium momentum exchange algorithm for molecular dynamics simulation of heat flow in multicomponent systems. Mol. Phys. 101, 2303–2307 (2003)
P. Wirnsberger, D. Frenkel, C. Dellago, An enhanced version of the heat exchange algorithm with excellent energy conservation properties. J. Chem. Phys. 143, 124104 (2015)
G. Galliero, Thermal diffusion in Lennard-Jones fluids in the frame of the law of the corresponding states. Fluid Phase Equilib. 224, 13–22 (2004)
W.M. Rutherford, Effect of mass distribution on the isotopic thermal diffusion of substituted benzenes. J. Chem. Phys. 81, 6136 (1984)
W.M. Rutherford, Effect of mass distribution on the isotopic thermal diffusion of benzene. J. Chem. Phys. 86, 5217 (1987)
J. Olarte-Plata, J.M. Rubi, F. Bresme, Thermophoretic torque in colloidal particles with mass asymmetry. Phys. Rev. E 97, 052607 (2018)
J. Kolafa, I. Nezbeda, The Lennard-Jones fluid: an accurate analytic and theoretically-based equation of state. Fluid Phase Equilib. 100, l (1994)
V. Taghikhani, M.K. Khoshkbarchi, J.H. Vera, On the expression for the chemical potential in mixtures of hard spheres. Fluid Phase Equilib. 165, 141 (1999)
Y. Zhu, X. Lu, J. Zhou, Y. Wang, J. Shi, Prediction of diffusion coefficients for gas, liquid and supercritical fluid: application to pure real fluids and infinite dilute binary solutions based on the simulation of Lennard-Jones fluid. Fluid Phase Equilib. 194–197, 1141 (2002)
H. Sigurgeirsson, D.M. Heyes, Transport coefficients of hard sphere fluids. Mol. Phys. 101, 469 (2003)
G. Galliero, C. Boned, A. Baylaucq, Molecular dynamics study of the Lennard-Jones fluid viscosity: application to real fluids. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44, 6963 (2005)
S.K. Schnell, R. Skorpa, D. Bedeaux, S. Kjelstrup, T.J.H. Vlugt, J.-M. Simon, Partial molar enthalpies and reaction enthalpies from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. J. Chem. Phys. 141, 144501 (2014)
Acknowledgements
Dr. Fabrizio Croccolo is acknowledged for providing the opportunity to write this Colloquium. This work has benefited from the numerous discussion about thermodiffusion with Dr. François Montel. In addition, Pau University and the MCIA are acknowledged for providing computational facilities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
H. Hoang (H.H.) and G. Galliero (G.G) conceived the idea of this work. G.G. proposed the methodology. H.H. performed the simulations and wrote the first draft. G.G. and H.H. reviewed the draft to obtain the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hoang, H., Galliero, G. Predicting thermodiffusion in simple binary fluid mixtures. Eur. Phys. J. E 45, 42 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00197-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00197-z