Abstract
The Quaternary sequences in the Phrae Basin, northern Thailand, can be classified into three aquifers based on depth. The groundwater dynamics and recharge of these aquifers were assessed using isotope techniques, and flow directions were acquired using groundwater level of selected wells. Groundwater flows from northwest and west to the centre of the basin on the western side of the Yom River, while flow is from northeast and east to centre on the eastern side. The groundwater mean residence time (MRT) within the shallow aquifer is 1–30 years using 3H time series, estimated by the exponential piston-flow model (EPM), which is one option of the selected lumped-parameter model (TracerLPM). Groundwater in the shallow aquifer mainly originated from local rainfall and surface water. Recharge rates were estimated using MRT and chloride mass balance, with results of 305 mm year−1 and 301–309 mm year−1, respectively. The groundwater age range (1,087–22,920 years BP) was determined by 14C dating and corrected using 14C-DIC models. The horizontal velocities of the deep aquifer were between 3 and 5 m year−1, and vertical velocity was ~0.0235 m year−1 based on 14C ages and depth. Groundwater in the intermediate and deep aquifers was recharged mainly from local rainfall at 220–300 m above mean sea level. Interactions between groundwater and river water were detected close to the Yom River when it was in full flow. These findings on groundwater dynamics and quantity could aid water resource management within the Phrae Basin.
Résumé
Les séquences du Quaternaire dans le bassin de Phrae au nord de la Thaïlande peuvent être classées en fonction de la profondeur en trois aquifères. La dynamique des eaux souterraines et la recharge de ces aquifères ont été évaluées en utilisant des techniques isotopiques et les directions d’écoulement déterminées en utilisant les niveaux d’eau souterraine sur une sélection de puits. Les écoulements souterrains vont du nord-ouest et de l’ouest vers le centre du bassin sur la rive ouest de la rivière Yom alors que l’écoulement est du nord-est et est vers le centre pour la partie orientale. Les temps moyens de résidence des eaux souterraines (TMR) au sein de l’aquifère superficiel sont de 1–30 ans déterminés par les séries temporelles de 3H à partir d’un modèle exponentiel de flux piston (EPM) qui est une option du modèle à paramètres groupés sélectionné (Tracer LPM). Les eaux souterraines au sein de l’aquifère peu profond proviennent des pluies locales et des eaux de surface. La recharge est estimée à partir du TMR et d’un bilan de masse des chlorures à respectivement 305 mm.a−1 et 301–309 mm an−1. La gamme d’âge des eaux (1,087–22,920 ans BP) a été déterminée par datation au 14C corrigée en utilisant des modèles de 14C-CID. La vitesse horizontale de l’aquifère profond est comprise entre 3 et 5 m an−1 et la vitesse verticale à ~0.0235 m an−1 en se basant sur les âges 14C et les profondeurs. Les aquifères des niveaux intermédiaires et profonds sont rechargés principalement à partir des pluies à 220–300 m d’altitude au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Des interactions entre les eaux souterraines et les rivières ont été détectées près de la rivière Yom en période de forts débits. Ces constatations sur la dynamique et la quantité des eaux souterraines pourraient faciliter la gestion de la ressource en eau dans le bassin de Phrae.
Resumen
Las secuencias cuaternarias de la cuenca de Phrae, en el norte de Tailandia, pueden clasificarse en tres acuíferos en función de su profundidad. La dinámica de las aguas subterráneas y la recarga de estos acuíferos se evaluaron mediante técnicas isotópicas, y las direcciones de los flujos se obtuvieron utilizando el nivel de las aguas subterráneas de los pozos seleccionados. Las aguas subterráneas fluyen desde el noroeste y el oeste hacia el centro de la cuenca en el margen occidental del río Yom, mientras que el flujo es desde el noreste y el este hacia el centro en el margen oriental. El tiempo medio de residencia de las aguas subterráneas (MRT) dentro del acuífero poco profundo es de 1 a 30 años utilizando series temporales de 3H, estimadas por el modelo de flujo de pistón exponencial (EPM), que es una opción del modelo de parámetros globales seleccionado (Tracer LPM). Las aguas subterráneas del acuífero poco profundo proceden principalmente de las precipitaciones locales y de las aguas superficiales. Las tasas de recarga se estimaron utilizando la MRT y el balance de masas de cloruro, con resultados de 305 mm año−1 y 301–309 mm año−1, respectivamente. El rango de edad de las aguas subterráneas (1,087–22,920 años BP) se determinó mediante datación por 14C y se corrigió utilizando modelos 14C-DIC. Las velocidades horizontales del acuífero profundo se situaron entre 3 y 5 m año−1, y la velocidad vertical fue de ~0.0235 m año−1 según las edades de 14C y la profundidad. Las aguas subterráneas de los acuíferos intermedios y profundos se recargaron principalmente con las precipitaciones locales a 220–300 m sobre el nivel medio del mar. Se detectaron interacciones entre las aguas subterráneas y las aguas fluviales cerca del río Yom cuando éste estaba en su máximo caudal. Estos resultados sobre la dinámica y la cantidad de las aguas subterráneas podrían ayudar a la gestión de los recursos hídricos en la cuenca de Phrae.
摘要
泰国北部Phrae盆地的第四系层序可按深度分成三个含水层。使用同位素技术评估了含水层的地下水动态和补给, 并选择井中的地下水位获得了流向。地下水在Yom河西侧由西北和西流向盆地中心, 而在东侧由东北和东流向流域中心。使用 3H 时间序列和指数活塞流模型 (EPM) 估算浅层含水层中的地下水平均滞留时间(MRT)为 1–30 年, 这是所选集中参数模型的一种结果(Tracer LPM)。浅层含水层地下水主要来源于局部降雨和地表水。使用 MRT 和氯质量平衡估算补给率, 结果分别为 305 mm year−1 和 301–309 mm year−1。地下水年龄范围 (1,087–22,920 years BP)由 14C 测年确定, 并使用 14C-DIC 模型进行校正。根据 14C 年龄和深度, 深层含水层的水平流速在 3 到 5 m year−1 之间, 垂直流速约为 0.0235 m year−1。中层和深层含水层地下水的补给主要来自平均海平面以上 220–300 m的局部降雨。在全流量时, Yom河附近检测到地下水和河水之间的相互作用。这些关于地下水动态和数量的研究结果有助于 Phrae 盆地内的水资源管理。
Resumo
As sequências quaternárias na Bacia Phrae, norte da Tailândia, podem ser classificadas em três aquíferos com base na profundidade. A dinâmica das águas subterrâneas e a recarga desses aquíferos foram avaliadas usando técnicas isotópicas, e as direções de fluxo foram obtidas usando o nível das águas subterrâneas dos poços selecionados. As águas subterrâneas fluem do noroeste e oeste para o centro da bacia no lado oeste do Rio Yom, enquanto o fluxo é do nordeste e leste para o centro no lado leste. O tempo médio de residência da água subterrânea (TMR) dentro dos aquíferos rasos é de 1 a 30 anos usando séries temporais de 3H, estimadas pelo modelo exponencial de fluxo de pistão (EPM), que é uma opção do modelo de parâmetro concentrado (Tracer LPM). A água subterrânea no aquífero raso originou-se principalmente de chuvas locais e águas superficiais. As taxas de recarga foram estimadas usando TRM e balanço de massa de cloreto, com resultados de 305 mm ano−1 e 301–309 mm ano−1, respectivamente. A faixa etária das águas subterrâneas (1,087–22,920 anos AP) foi determinada por datação 14C e corrigida usando modelos 14C-DIC. As velocidades horizontais dos aquíferos profundos estavam entre 3 e 5 m ano−1, e a velocidade vertical foi de ~0.0235 m ano−1, baseado em idades de 14C e profundidade. A água subterrânea nos aquíferos intermediários e profundos foi recarregada principalmente a partir de chuvas locais a 220–300 m acima do nível médio do mar. As interações entre a água subterrânea e a água do rio foram detectadas perto do Rio Yom quando este estava em pleno fluxo. Essas descobertas sobre a dinâmica e quantidade das águas subterrâneas podem ajudar na gestão dos recursos hídricos na Bacia Phrae.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the International Atomic Energy Agency who supported this research through the program RAS7030. We also thank Ms. Occapasorn Occarach and Krittiya Lerdlumfrom from DGR who provided all essential information. The manuscript was greatly improved by two native English speakers, Dr. Max Gibbs (New Zealand) and Dr. John Booth (UK). Dr. Maksym Gusyev is thanked for his support in dealing with the 3H data.
Funding
This work was mainly funded by Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology. The TSRI Fund (CU_FRB640001_01_21_6 and CUFRB65_dis(2)_090_23_20) and Ratchadaphisek Sompoch Endowment Fund (2021) Chulalongkorn University (764002-ENV) are thanked for their partial support.
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Kamdee, K., Nantasin, P., Chotpantarat, S. et al. Assessment of groundwater dynamics in Quaternary aquifers of the Phrae Basin, northern Thailand, using isotope techniques. Hydrogeol J 30, 1091–1109 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02478-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02478-5