Abstract
Rapid and selective sensing of biological substances and pollutants is developing rapidly in medicine and environmental sciences. Sensing performance depends on the material used as electrode modifier. Here, metal–organic frameworks are promising due to their high surface area and porosity, and their ability to adsorb guest molecules, yet they are limited by low conductivity and luminescence. The low conductivity issue can be solved by combining metal–organic framework with carbon-based materials of high conductivity and mechanical strength. Here, we review the synthesis and sensing applications of composites of metal–organic frameworks and carbon-based materials. We discuss charge transfer mechanisms and synergistic effects. Electrochemical and optical sensors allow to analyze metal ions, organic pollutants and biochemical molecules with a lowest detection limit of 0.12 nM.
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Reproduced from reference (Karthik et al. 2018) with permission from American Chemical Society. GO: graphene oxide; MOF: metal–organic framework; LCCT: ligand to cluster charge transfer process
Reproduced from reference (Chen et al. 2019) with permission from American Chemical Society. GQD: graphene quantum dots; NO2−: nitrite; NO3−: nitrate
Reproduced from reference (Lu et al. 2019) with permission from American Chemical Society. BDC; benzenedicarboxylic acid; GAs: graphene aerogels; GCE: glassy carbon electrode
Reproduced with permission from Wei et al. (2021). CuSO4: copper(II) sulphate; KOH: potassium hydroxide; L-Trp: L-tryptophan; D-Trp: D-tryptophan; MWCNT; multi-walled carbon nanotube; MOF: metal–organic framework
Reproduced with permission from Sherino et al. (2018). AP-Ni-MOF: adipic acid piperazine nickel-metal–organic framework; CPE: carbon paste electrode
Reproduced with permission from Guo et al. (2021). CDs: carbon dots; atpt: 2-aminoterephthalic acid; phen: 1,10-phenanthroline; CDs@Eu-MOF: carbon dots@Eu-metal–organic frameworks
Reproduced with permission from Fan et al. (2020). CQDs: carbon quantum dots; MOFs: metal–organic frameworks
Reproduced with permission from Fan et al. (2020)
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for funding this study. Grant No.: FRGS/1/2020/STG04/UPM/02/7. Nur Aina Izzati as one of authors would like to thank the Public Service Department of Malaysia for scholarship (BYDPA).
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Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. Grant No.: FRGS/1/2020/STG04/UPM/02/7.
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Mokhtar, N.A.I.M., Zawawi, R.M., Khairul, W.M. et al. Electrochemical and optical sensors made of composites of metal–organic frameworks and carbon-based materials. A review. Environ Chem Lett 20, 3099–3131 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01403-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01403-2