Chelated copper reduces yet manganese fertilizer increases calcium-silica fouling in brackish water drip irrigation systems
Introduction
Scarcity of fresh water resource and soil micronutrient in arid and semi-arid regions are major constrain, restricting the sustainable agricultural development and soil environmental safety (Oliver and Gregory, 2015, Fang and Zhang, 2020, Zhi et al., 2022). The effective utilization of inferior water could be a meaningful measure to fulfill the irrigation water demands. China's arid regions, especially in the northwest, are rich in brackish water resources. Although the abundant resources of brackish water are being extensively successfully utilized for agricultural irrigation (Xie et al., 2011, Zhu et al., 2019), the direct brackish water irrigation due to high salinity may be detrimental to the soil environment and crop health (Zhao et al., 2020). The brackish water drip irrigation systems (BWDIs) due its precision, reduce the salt stress in soil root zone(Chen et al., 2020), and improve the crop growth environment (He et al., 2017). In addition, brackish water contains high concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions, resulting in precipitate and particulate fouling in emitter flow channels of BWDIs (Zhangzhong et al., 2016). Consequently, reduced fertilization and irrigation uniformity of BWDIs, and even scrapped the whole drip irrigation system.
So far, research advances alleviation of BWDIs clogging mainly focused on changing water quality characteristics (Rohit Katuri et al., 2019) and magnetization methods (Sahin et al., 2012, Liu et al., 2021b). (Lili et al., 2021) conducted a study on the effect of water salinity on emitter clogging in BWDIs, and found that as the salinity of brackish water increases it promotes the formation of clogging substances. Only few studies have examined the effect of BWDIs on emitter clogging under different types of fertilizer application. (Liu et al., 2021a) stated that the different types of fertilizer are the key factors affecting emitter clogging in BWDIs. (Wang et al., 2020) suggested, ammonium phosphate reduced emitter clogging of BWDIs. Meanwhile, (Ma et al., 2020) and (Muhammad et al., 2021) reported that, the application of acid based phosphate (such as, ammonium polyphosphate and urea phosphate) fertilizer in saline waters significantly reduced the emitter clogging. Therefore, reasonable selection of fertilizer type would provide a new perspective to resolve the emitter clogging issue in BWDIs. Recently, chelated trace elements attracted wide attention, and broad application prospect (Souri and Hatamian, 2019). Manganese and copper are essential trace elements for crop growth and development, and their deficiency not only affects crop quality but also soil texture (Li et al., 2020). According to the survey, there is a relative lack of manganese and copper, the trace elements required by crops, in the soil of the arid regions of northwest China, especially in Xinjiang's Tarim Basin and its surrounding areas(Zhang et al., 2005; Han et al., 2010; Saifuding et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2019). Therefore, the supplementation of trace element manganese and copper fertilizer by drip irrigation, which is not only easy to operate but also harmless to crops, has become the most effective way at present. So far, the previous literatures extensively reported the effects of manganese and copper fertilizer on improving crop yield and fertilizer use efficiency(Fageria and Santos, 2014; Wang et al., 2019). However, the critical effects of aforementioned fertilizer on emitter clogging in BWDIs has not been explored yet. Chelated (EDTA) fertilizer is rich in carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino and other active functional groups, which will react with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in brackish water and produce chemical fouling (Li et al., 2019a), resulting in clogging of drip irrigation system.
Thus, two types of EDTA copper (EDTA-Cu) and manganese (EDTA-Mn) fertilizers, and two types of traditional micro-fertilizers (Copper sulfate: CuSO4, manganese sulfate: MnSO4) were studied. The effect of micronutrient fertilizers on fouling in BWDIs were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction. The objectives of this study were: 1) to clarify the effects of EDTA-Cu and EDTA-Mn fertilizer on hydraulic performance and fouling in BWDIs; 2) to reveal the influence mechanism and regulation pathway of EDTA-Cu and EDTA-Mn fertilizer on calcium-silica fouling in BWDIs.
Section snippets
Experimental setup
The experiment was carried out in the irrigation experimental station (81°11 '43 "E, 40°37' 24" N) of water Resources Management Center of the 1st Division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, China. The experiment consisted of five independent and identical drip irrigation system test platforms, as shown in Fig. 1. Three different types of non-pressure compensated drip irrigation sprinklers with flow rates of 1.0 L/h, 1.6 L/h and 2.0 L/h were used in the experiment, and three
Effects of EDTA-Cu and EDTA-Mn fertilizers application on irrigation water quality
System operation at the beginning and late thermostatic tank water quality tests, respectively, through the test found (Fig. 2, Table S4), we can see that the application of chelated EDTA-Cu fertilizer significantly (p < 0.05) increased the contents of Cu2+, HCO3- and Zeta potential in brackish water, while, the content of pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32- and SO42- were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, when compared with CK. On the other hand, the application of chelated EDTA-Mn fertilizer
EDTA-Cu and EDTA-Mn fertilizers significantly change brackish water quality
The application of EDTA-Cu significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the contents of Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32-, SO42- and Zeta potential, while increased the pH and HCO3- (Fig. 2) in brackish irrigation water. This could be due to, the EDTA is in rich of functional groups (such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and amino groups) (Li et al., 2019a), and EDTA-Cu formed by EDTA and Cu2+ has a strong adsorption capacity. It can undergo complex chemical reactions with metal ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ in BWDIs (Plenio et al.,
Conclusions
The following major conclusions can be drawn from the present study:
(1) Compared with CK, the application of EDTA-Cu reduced the content of fouling by 3.6%− 6.7% in emitter flow channels of BWDIs, resulting to increase the Dra and CU by 2.1–28.9% and 6.8%− 26.4%, respectively. While the application of EDTA-Mn increased content of fouling by 2.0%− 4.4%, which decreased the Dra and CU by 5.7%− 13.2% and 15.3%− 19.4% in BWDIs.
(2) The total content of calcium and silica fouling decreased by
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51790531).
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