Abstract
Purpose
Rapid urbanization has altered regional nutrient cycles and consequently affected soil nutrient availability for plant growth. This study aims to explore the way in which urbanization shapes the spatial patterns of soil phosphorus (P) concentrations as well as the imprint on tree leaf P concentrations across gradients of urban-rural forests.
Methods
We collected soil samples of the surface (0-10 cm) and subsurface (10-20 cm) layers and leaf samples of three common tree species (Chinese pine, Pinus tabuliformis; Chinese scholar tree, Sophora japonica; golden rain tree, Koelreuteria paniculata) from forest patches in twenty parks across urban-rural transects in the Beijing metropolitan region, China. By measuring soil total P, soil available P, and leaf P concentrations, we tested the urban soil P hotspot hypothesis and assessed the consequent imprint on tree leaf P concentrations.
Results
Soil total P and available P concentrations in the surface and subsurface layers both increased significantly with closer distance to the urban core. Spatially, leaf P concentrations showed an increase with soil available P concentrations only for the legume Chinese scholar tree, while leaf P concentrations of Chinese pine and broadleaf golden rain tree both increased significantly with the diameter at breast height.
Conclusion
Our results confirmed the occurrence of an urban soil P hotspot and identified its significant imprint on leaf P nutrition of legume trees across transects of urban-rural forests. The findings improve the understanding of the way that urbanization alters regional P cycles and consequent P availability for plant growth.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Aerts R (1996) Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: are there general patterns? J Ecol 84(4):597–608. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261481
Barrow NJ (1983) A mechanistic model for describing the sorption and desorption of phosphate by soil. J Soil Sci 34(4):733–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12197
Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics (2018) Beijing statistical yearbook 2017. China Statistics Press, Beijing
Bennett EM (2003) Soil phosphorus concentrations in Dane County, Wisconsin, USA: an evaluation of the urban–rural gradient paradigm. Environ Manag 32(4):476–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0035-0
Berendse F, van Ruijven J, Jongejans E, Keesstra S (2015) Loss of plant species diversity reduces soil erosion resistance. Ecosystems 18(5):881–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9869-6
Bowman WD, Bahn L, Damm M (2003) Alpine landscape variation in foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and the relation to soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability. Arct Antarct Alp Res 35(2):144–149. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0144:alvifn]2.0.co;2
Braun S, Thomas VF, Quiring R, Flückiger W (2010) Does nitrogen deposition increase forest production? The role of phosphorus Environ Pollut 158(6):2043–2052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.030
Breheny P, Burchett W (2013) Visualization of regression models using visreg. R J 9:56–71. https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2017-046
Calcagno V, de Mazancourt C (2010) glmulti: an R package for easy automated model selection with (generalized) linear models. J Stat Softw 34(12):1–29. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v034.i12
Chen Y, Han W, Tang L, Tang Z, Fang J (2013) Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of woody plants differ in responses to climate, soil and plant growth form. Ecography 36(2):178–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06833.x
Chen FS, Yavitt J, Hu XF (2014) Phosphorus enrichment helps increase soil carbon mineralization in vegetation along an urban-to-rural gradient, Nanchang, China. Appl Soil Ecol 75:181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.11.011
Dixon JL, Chadwick OA, Vitousek PM (2016) Climate-driven thresholds for chemical weathering in postglacial soils of New Zealand. J Geophys Res-Earth 121(9):1619–1634. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf003864
Djodjic F, Börling K, Bergström L (2004) Phosphorus leaching in relation to soil type and soil phosphorus content. J Environ Qual 33(2):678–684. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0678
Du E, Vries WD, Han W, Liu X, Yan Z, Jiang Y (2016) Imbalanced phosphorus and nitrogen deposition in China's forests. Atmos Chem Phys 16(13):8571–8579. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2015-984-ac2
Du E, Terrer C, Pellegrini AF, Ahlström A, van Lissa CJ, Zhao X, Xia N, Wu XH, Jackson RB (2020) Global patterns of terrestrial nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. Nat Geosci 13(3):221–226. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0530-4
Du E, Xia N, Guo Y, Tian Y, Li B, Liu X, de Vries W (2022a) Ecological effects of nitrogen deposition on urban forests: an overview. Front Agr Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021429
Du E, Xia N, Tang Y, Guo Z, Guo Y, Wang Y, de Vries W (2022b) Anthropogenic and climatic shaping of soil nitrogen properties across urban-rural-natural forests in the Beijing metropolitan region. Geoderma 406:115524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115524
Fabiańska MJ, Kozielska B, Konieczyński J, Bielaczyc P (2019) Occurrence of organic phosphates in particulate matter of the vehicle exhausts and outdoor environment–A case study. Environ Pollut 244:351–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.060
Foulds W (1993) Nutrient concentrations of foliage and soil in South-Western Australia. New Phytol 125(3):529–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03901.x
Franche C, Lindström K, Elmerich C (2009) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with leguminous and non-leguminous plants. Plant Soil 321(1):35–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9833-8
Görlach BM, Mühling KH (2021) Phosphate foliar application increases biomass and P concentration in P deficient maize. J Plant Nutr Soil Sc i 184:360–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202000460
Greene CS, Millward AA (2017) Getting closure: the role of urban forest canopy density in moderating summer surface temperatures in a large city. Urban Ecosyst 20(1):141–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0586-5
Groemping U (2006) Relative importance for linear regression in R: the package relaimpo. J Stat Softw 17(1):925–933. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v017.i01
Han W, Fang J, Guo D, Zhang Y (2005) Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry across 753 terrestrial plant species in China. New Phytol 168(2):377–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01530.x
Han Y, Li X, Nan Z (2011) Net anthropogenic phosphorus accumulation in the Beijing metropolitan region. Ecosystems 14(3):445–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9420-3
Haynes RJ (1982) Effects of liming on phosphate availability in acid soils. Plant Soil 68(3):289–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02197935
Hijano CF, Domínguez MDP, Gimínez RG, Sínchez PH, García IS (2005) Higher plants as bioindicators of Sulphur dioxide emissions in urban environments. Environ Monit Assess 111(1): 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-8140-6
Hou E, Chen C, Luo Y, Zhou G, Kuang Y, Zhang Y, Heenan M, Lu X, Wen D (2018) Effects of climate on soil phosphorus cycle and availability in natural terrestrial ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 24(8):3344–3356. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14093
Hu XF, Chen FS, Nagle G, Fang YT, Yu MQ (2011) Soil phosphorus fractions and tree phosphorus resorption in pine forests along an urban-to-rural gradient in Nanchang, China. Plant Soil 346(1):97–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0799-6
Huang J, Liu J, Zhang W, Liu L, Zheng M, Mo J (2019) Effects of urbanization on plant phosphorus availability in broadleaf and needleleaf subtropical forests. Sci Total Environ 684:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.325
Imhoff ML, Zhang P, Wolfe RE, Bounoua L (2010) Remote sensing of the urban heat island effect across biomes in the continental USA. Remote Sens Environ 114(3):504–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.008
Jobbágy EG, Jackson RB (2000) The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecol Appl 10(2):423–436. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0423:tvdoso]2.0.co;2
Kalnay E, Cai M (2003) Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature 423(6939):528–531. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01675
Kaye JP, Majumdar A, Gries C, Buyantuyev A, Grimm NB, Hope D, Jenerette GD, Zhu WX, Baker L (2008) Hierarchical bayesian scaling of soil properties across urban, agricultural, and desert ecosystems. Ecol Appl 18(1):132–145. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1952.1
Li Y, Niu S, Yu G (2016) Aggravated phosphorus limitation on biomass production under increasing nitrogen loading: a meta-analysis. Glob Chang Biol 22(2):934–943. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13125
Li T, Zheng W, Zhang S, Jia Y, Li Y, Xu X (2018) Spatial variations in soil phosphorus along a gradient of central city-suburb-exurban satellite. Catena 170:150–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.06.011
Li W, Li B, Tao S, Shen G, Fu B, Yin T, Han L, Han Y (2021) Source identification of particulate phosphorus in the atmosphere in Beijing. Sci Total Environ 762:143174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143174
Liu X, Duan L, Mo J, Du E, Shen J, Lu X, Zhang Y, Zhou X, He C, Zhang F (2011) Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China: an overview. Environ Pollut 159(10):2251–2264. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1227.2010.00137
Liu X, Zhang Y, Han W, Tang A, Shen J, Cui Z, Vitousek P, Erisman JW, Zhang F (2013) Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China. Nature 494(7438):459–462. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11917
Lu X, Vitousek PM, Mao Q, Gilliam FS, Luo Y, Zhou G, Zou XM, Bai E, Scanlon TM, Hou EQ, Mo J (2018) Plant acclimation to long-term high nitrogen deposition in an N-rich tropical forest. PNAS 115(20):5187–5192. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720777115
Mahowald N, Jickells TD, Baker AR, Artaxo P, Benitez-Nelson CR, Bergametti G, Bond TC, Chen Y, Cohen DD, Herut B, Kubilay N, Loson R, Luo C, Maenhaut W, McGee KA, Okin GS, Siefert RL, Tsukuda S (2008) Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts. Glob Biogeochem Cy 22(4):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003240
Mao Q, Huang G, Buyantuev A, Wu J, Luo S, Ma K (2014) Spatial heterogeneity of urban soils: the case of the Beijing metropolitan region,China. Ecol Process 3(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-014-0023-8
Matlack GR (1993) Microenvironment variation within and among forest edge sites in the eastern United States. Biol Conserv 66(3):185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90004-K
McGroddy ME, Daufresne T, Hedin LO (2004) Scaling of C:N:P stoichiometry in forests worldwide: implications of terrestrial Redfield-type ratios. Ecology 85(9):2390–2401. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0351
Meng Y, Cave M, Zhang C (2018) Spatial distribution patterns of phosphorus in top-soils of greater London authority area and their natural and anthropogenic factors. Appl Geochem 88:213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.05.024
Metson GS, Hale RL, Iwaniec DM, Cook EM, Corman JR, Galletti CS, Childers DL (2012) Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem. Ecol Appl 22(2):705–721. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0865.1
Millward AA, Torchia M, Laursen AE, Rothman LD (2014) Vegetation placement for summer built surface temperature moderation in an urban microclimate. Environ Manag 53(6):1043–1057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0260-8
Niu J, Liu C, Huang M, Liu K, Yan D (2021) Effects of foliar fertilization: a review of current status and future perspectives. J Soil Sci Plant Nut 21(1):104–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00346-3
Nowak DJ, Dwyer JF (2007) Understanding the benefits and costs of urban forest ecosystems. In: Urban and community forestry in the northeast. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 25–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4289-8_2
Nowak DJ, Hirabayashi S, Doyle M, McGovern M, Pasher J (2018) Air pollution removal by urban forests in Canada and its effect on air quality and human health. Urban Urban Gree 29:40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.10.019
Ordoñez JC, Van Bodegom PM, Witte JPM, Wright IJ, Reich PB, Aerts R (2009) A global study of relationships between leaf traits, climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 18(2):137–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00441.x
Pang J, Ryan MH, Lambers H, Siddique KH (2018) Phosphorus acquisition and utilisation in crop legumes under global change. Curr Opin Plant Biol 45:248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2018.05.012
Parfitt RL, Ross DJ, Coomes DA, Richardson SJ, Smale MC, Dahlgren RA (2005) N and P in New Zealand soil chronosequences and relationships with foliar N and P. Biogeochemistry 75(2):305–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-7790-8
Peng S, Piao S, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Ottle C, Bréon FM, Nan H, Zhou L, Myneni RB (2012) Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities. EST 46(2):696–703. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2030438
Peter I, Lehmann J (2000) Pruning effects on root distribution and nutrient dynamics in an acacia hedgerow planting in northern Kenya. Agrofor Syst 50(1):59–75. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006498709454
Reich PB, Oleksyn J (2004) Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude. PNAS 101(30):11001–11006. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403588101
Roger A, Libohova Z, Rossier N, Joost S, Maltas A, Frossard E, Sinaj S (2014) Spatial variability of soil phosphorus in the Fribourg canton, Switzerland. Geoderma 217:26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.11.001
Rotaru V, Sinclair TR (2009) Interactive influence of phosphorus and iron on nitrogen fixation by soybean. Environ Exp Bot 66(1):94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.12.001
Rowe EC, Smart SM, Kennedy VH, Emmett BA, Evans CD (2008) Nitrogen deposition increases the acquisition of phosphorus and potassium by heather Calluna vulgaris. Environ Pollut 155(2):201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.008
Sanesi G, Gallis C, Kasperidus HD (2011) Urban forests and their ecosystem services in relation to human health. In: Forests, trees and human health. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9806-1_2
Siebers N, Sumann M, Kaiser K, Amelung W (2017) Climatic effects on phosphorus fractions of native and cultivated north American grassland soils. Soil Sci Soc of Am J 81(2):299–309. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2016.06.0181
Simpson AH, Richardson SJ, Laughlin DC (2016) Soil-climate interactions explain variation in foliar, stem, root and reproductive traits across temperate forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 25(8):964–978. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12457
Sims JT, Simard RR, Joern BC (1998) Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: historical perspective and current research. J Environ Qual 27(2):277–293. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020006x
Song X, Zhang J, AghaKouchak A, Roy SS, Xuan Y, Wang G, He RM, Wang XJ, Liu C (2014) Rapid urbanization and changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation in Beijing metropolitan area. J Geophys Res-Atmos 119(19):11–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022084
State Forestry Administration (2015) Nitrogen determination methods of forest soils, LY/T 1228–2015. China Standard Press, Beijing. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0016-7061(21)00604-2/h0200
Sulieman S, Tran LSP (2015) Phosphorus homeostasis in legume nodules as an adaptive strategy to phosphorus deficiency. Plant Sci 239:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.018
Sulieman S, Ha CV, Schulze J, Tran LSP (2013) Growth and nodulation of symbiotic Medicago truncatula at different levels of phosphorus availability. J Exp Bot 64(10):2701–2712. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert122
Tunesi S, Poggi V, Gessa C (1999) Phosphate adsorption and precipitation in calcareous soils: the role of calcium ions in solution and carbonate minerals. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 53(3):219–227. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009709005147
Tyrväinen L, Pauleit S, Seeland K, de Vries S (2005) Benefits and uses of urban forests and trees. In Urban forests and trees (pp. 81-114). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27684-x_5
Unger M, Leuschner C, Homeier J (2010) Variability of indices of macronutrient availability in soils at different spatial scales along an elevation transect in tropical moist forests (NE Ecuador). Plant Soil 336(1):443–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0494-z
Vet R, Artz RS, Carou S, Shaw M, Ro CU, Aas W, Baker A, Bowersox VC, Dentener F, Galy-Lacaux C, Hou A, Pienaar JJ, Gillett R, Forti MC, Gromov S, Hara H, Khodzher T, Mahowald NM, Nickovic S et al (2014) A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus. Atmos Environ 93:3–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.013
Vitousek PM, Porder S, Houlton BZ, Chadwick OA (2010) Terrestrial phosphorus limitation: mechanisms, implications, and nitrogen-phosphorus interactions. Ecol Appl 20(1):5–15. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0127.1
Von Wandruszka R (2006) Phosphorus retention in calcareous soils and the effect of organic matter on its mobility. Geochem T 7(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6462031x
Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang Z (2000) Leaf longevity of evergreen broad-leaved species of Tiantong National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica 24(5):625–629
Wang R, Balkanski Y, Boucher O, Ciais P, Peñuelas J, Tao S (2015) Significant contribution of combustion-related emissions to the atmospheric phosphorus budget[J]. Nat Geosci 8(1):48–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2324
Weathers KC, Cadenasso ML, Pickett ST (2001) Forest edges as nutrient and pollutant concentrators: potential synergisms between fragmentation, forest canopies, and the atmosphere. Conserv Biol 15(6):1506–1514. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.01090.x
Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M, Ackerly DD, Baruch Z, Bongers F, ... & Flexas J (2004) The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428(6985): 821–827. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02403
Wu H, Xiang W, Chen L, Ouyang S, Xiao W, Li S, Forrester D, Lei P, Zeng Y, Deng X, Zeng L, Kuzyakov Y (2020) Soil phosphorus bioavailability and recycling increased with stand age in Chinese fir plantations. Ecosystems 23(5):973–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00450-1
Xia X, Zhao X, Lai Y, Dong H (2013) Levels and distribution of total nitrogen and total phosphorous in urban soils of Beijing, China. Environ Earth Sci 69(5):1571–1577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1991-6
Yang JL, Zhang GL (2015) Formation, characteristics and eco-environmental implications of urban soils–a review. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 61:30–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2015.1035622
Yang J, McBride J, Zhou J, Sun Z (2005) The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction. Urban Urban Gree 3(2):65–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2004.09.001
Yuan ZY, Jiao F, Shi XR, Sardans J, Maestre FT, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Reich PB, Peñuelas J (2017) Experimental and observational studies find contrasting responses of soil nutrients to climate change. Elife 6:e23255. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.23255.012
Zhang MK (2004) Phosphorus accumulation in soils along an urban–rural land use gradient in Hangzhou, Southeast China. Commun Soil Sci Plan 35(5-6):819–833. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120030360
Zhang SB, Zhang JL, Slik JF, Cao KF (2012a) Leaf element concentrations of terrestrial plants across China are influenced by taxonomy and the environment. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21(8):809–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00729.x
Zhang W, Feng Z, Wang X, Niu J (2012b) Responses of native broadleaved woody species to elevated ozone in subtropical China. Environ Pollut 163:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.035
Zhang SY, Liu JM, Long F (2019) The comparative analysis on country park management between Hong Kong and Beijing. J Resour Ecol 10(4):451–459. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2019.04.012
Zhou Y (2009) The comparative study of urban park management in China and Japan. Master thesis: Beijing Forestry University. https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD2009&filename=2009161823.nh
Zhou D, Zhao S, Zhang L, Sun G, Liu Y (2015) The footprint of urban heat island effect in China. Sci Rep 5(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11160
Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Elphick CS (2010) A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods Ecol Evol 1(1):3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2009.00001.x
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to National Natural Science Foundation of China (41877328 & 41630750), Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation (161015) and the Project Supported by State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (2021-TS-02). We thank Hongbo Guo and Xinhui Wu for their assistance in field sampling.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ED conceived the project. NX, YG, YT, and YW conducted field sampling and laboratory analysis. NX and ED analyzed the data. NX, ED, WD and all others wrote and revised the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Tim S. George.
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(DOCX 979 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xia, N., Du, E., Guo, Y. et al. Urban soil phosphorus hotspot and its imprint on tree leaf phosphorus concentrations in the Beijing region. Plant Soil 477, 425–437 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05421-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05421-5