Abstract
Experiences of racial discrimination have been shown to increase risk for alcohol problems. Some individuals may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of racial discrimination. However, little research has examined interaction effects between racial discrimination and individual characteristics, such as genetic predispositions and personality, in relation to alcohol outcomes. This study examined whether genetic risk and dimensions of impulsivity moderate the association between racial discrimination and alcohol problems among African American young adults (n = 383, Mage = 20.65, SD = 2.28; 81% female). Participants completed online surveys and provided a saliva sample for genotyping. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that both blatant and subtle forms of racial discrimination (i.e., experience of racist events and racial microaggressions) were associated with more alcohol problems. Racial microaggressions interacted with dimensions of impulsivity in relation to alcohol problems, such that racial microaggressions were associated with more alcohol problems when negative urgency was high or when sensation seeking was low. There was no significant interaction between alcohol use disorder genome-wide polygenic score and experience of racist events or racial microaggression in relation to alcohol problems, which may partly reflect low power due in part to limited representation of African-Americans in genetic research. The findings highlight the need to increase the representation of African Americans in genetically-informed research in order to better characterize genetic risk and understand gene-environment interaction in this understudied population, as well as the importance of examining impulsivity as a multidimensional construct that interacts with racial discrimination in relation to alcohol outcomes.
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Acknowledgements
The Spit for Science Working Group: Director: D.M.D., Co-Director: A.A. Registry management: E.L., R.G., A.M. Data cleaning and management: K.B., A.E.A., N.T., Z.N., K.P., T.B. and S.B.C. Data collection: A.E.A., K.P., P.B., H.B., E.C.B., E.C., S.B.C., J.S.C., M.C., E.D., A.C.E., N.G., L.M.H., L.J.H., S.H., S.K., E.L., J.L., M.L., E.L., A.M., J.L.M., K.M., A.M., A.M., A.N., Z.N., J.O., C.O., A.C.P., K.P., T.R., J.S., J.S., R.S., D.S., J.S., N.T., C.W., M.W., T.W., M.W. and J.Y. Genotypic data processing and cleaning: C.S., B.W., B.R., F.A., R.P. and B.T.W. Spit for Science has been supported by Virginia Commonwealth University, P20 AA017828, R37AA011408, K02AA018755, P50 AA022537, and K01AA024152 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and UL1RR031990 from the National Center for Research Resources and National Institutes of Health Roadmap for Medical Research. This research was also supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U54DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of the NIH or the FDA. Data from this study are available to qualified researchers via dbGaP (phs001754.v2.p1). We would like to thank the Spit for Science participants for making this study a success, as well as the many University faculty, students, and staff who contributed to the design and implementation of the project.
The Spit for Science Working Group
Danielle Dick6,7, Ananda Amstadter6, Emily Lilley6, Renolda Gelzinis6, Anne Morris6, Katie Bountress6, Amy Adkins6, Nathaniel Thomas6, Zoe Neale6, Kimberly Pedersen6, Thomas Bannard6, Seung Cho6, Peter Barr6, Holly Byers6, Erin Berenz7, Erin Caraway6, James Clifford6, Megan Cooke6, Elizabeth Do6, Alexis Edwards6, Neeru Goyal6, Laura Hack8, Lisa Halberstadt6, Sage Hawn9, Sally Kuo6, Emily Lasko6, Jennifer Lent6, Mackenzie Lind6, Elizabeth Long6, Alexandra Martelli6, Jacquelyn Meyers6, Kerry Mitchell10, Ashlee Moore6, Arden Moscati6, Aashir Nasim6, Jill Opalesky6, Cassie Overstreet6, Christian Pais6, Tarah Raldiris6, Jessica Salvatore6, Jeanne Savage6, Rebecca Smith6, David Sosnowski6, Jinni Su1, Chloe Walker6, Marcie Walsh6, Teresa Willoughby6, Madison Woodroof6, Jia Yan11, Cuie Sun6, Brandon Wormley6, Brien Riley6, Fazil Aliev6, Roseann Peterson6, Bradley Webb6.
Authors’ contributions
J.S. designed the study, conduct data analysis, and drafted the manuscript; A.D.T. contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript; S.I.K. participated in the design and interpretation of the data and helped to draft and revise the manuscript; F.A. calculated the polygenic scores and contributed to data analysis; C.D.W. and M.C.G. participated in the design of the study, measurement, and data collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This research was supported by a research grant from the Postdoctoral Association at Virginia Commonwealth University and seed grant from the Institute for Social Science Research at Arizona State University (PI: J.S.).
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The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available. Researchers can request access to the datasets by contacting the Spit for Science Study coordinator at spit4science@vcu.edu.
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Su, J., Trevino, A.D., Kuo, S.IC. et al. Racial Discrimination and Alcohol Problems: Examining Interactions with Genetic Risk and Impulsivity among African American Young Adults. J Youth Adolescence 51, 1552–1567 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01609-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01609-1