Abstract
Purpose
Children of young parents are at elevated risk for child abuse and neglect due to myriad challenges. Despite the dual need for parenting support and mental health support, most literature and programs separate these and do not address maltreated parenting youths’ intergenerational context. The current study explores parenting and mental health needs as intertwined, uplifting experiences of young adult mothers with child maltreatment histories, professionals serving them, and mothers’ own caregivers.
Method
Through a community-engaged research process, this grounded theory study was co-conceptualized and conducted through a university-community-based organization partnership. We conducted in-depth interviews with 23 participants: nine young, maltreated mothers aged 18–25 (M = 20.9) years, 14 professionals and two caregivers. Data were collected in the community and analyzed using grounded theory methods. We transcribed each interview and analyzed the transcripts using a structured process of open, focus, axial, and selective/theoretical coding. Rigor was enhanced through several strategies including reflexivity and member checking.
Results
Grounded theory analysis produced a detailed model of the process of accessing and receiving mental health and parenting support among young, maltreated mothers, including (1) Reckoning with the Impact of Childhood and Adolescent Trauma on Mental Health and Parenting; (2) Reaching Out; (3) Receiving Parenting Support; (4) Receiving Mental Health Support; and (5) Seeking a Change.
Conclusions
Findings support a comprehensive approach for supporting young parents in improving the trajectories of their families through integrated approaches to parenting and mental health intervention.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
28 October 2022
Blinded university changed to University of Maryland, College Park.
References
Aparicio, E. M. (2017). ‘I want to be better than you:’ Lived experiences of intergenerational child maltreatment prevention among teenage mothers in and beyond foster care. Child & Family Social Work, 22(2), 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12274
Aparicio, E. M., Pecukonis, E. V., & O’Neale, S. (2015). “The love that I was missing”: Exploring the lived experience of motherhood among teen mothers in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 51, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.02.002
Ben-David, V., Jonson-Reid, M., Drake, B., & Kohl, P. L. (2015). The association between childhood maltreatment experiences and the onset of maltreatment perpetration in young adulthood controlling for proximal and distal risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.013
Bohr, Y., & BinNoon, N. (2014). Enhancing sensitivity in adolescent mothers: Does a standardised, popular parenting intervention work with teens? Child Care in Practice, 20(3), 286–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2014.905454
Brooks-Gunn, J., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (1995). Adolescent parenthood. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Status and social conditions of parenting (Vol. 3). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Brown, J. D., Harris, S. K., Woods, E. R., Buman, M. P., & Cox, J. E. (2012). Longitudinal study of depressive symptoms and social support in adolescent mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(4), 894–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0814-9
Capaldi, D., Tiberio, S. S., Pears, K., Kerr, D., & Owen (2018). L.D. Intergenerational
associations in physical maltreatment: Examination of mediation by delinquency and substance use, and moderated mediation by anger.Development and Psychopathology, 31,73–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001529
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing Grounded Theory. SAGE
Cox, J. E., Harris, S. K., Conroy, K., Engelhart, T., Vyavaharkar, A., Federico, A., & Woods, E. R. (2019). A parenting and life skills intervention for teen mothers: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 143(3), e20182303. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2303
Demers, I., Bernier, A., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Provost, M. A. (2010). Mind-mindedness in adult and adolescent mothers: Relations to maternal sensitivity and infant attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34(6), 529–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410365802
DiLillo, D., Tremblay, G., & Peterson, L. (2000). Linking childhood sexual abuse and abusive parenting: The mediating role of maternal anger. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(6), 767–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00138-1
Dozier, M., & Bernard, K. (2019). Coaching Parents of Vulnerable Infants: The Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Approach. Guilford Publications, Inc.
Greene, C. A., Haisley, L., Wallace, C., & Ford, J. D. (2020). Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review of the parenting practices of adult survivors of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence. Clinical Psychology Review, 80, 101891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101891
Healthy Generations Program | Children’s National Hospital. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12 (2021). from http://childrensnational.org/departments/healthy-generations-program
Hearts & Homes for Youth. (n.d.). Damamli and Therapeutic Foster Care.Hearts & Homes For Youth, Inc. https://heartsandhomes.org/445/
Hodgkinson, S., Beers, L., Southammakosane, C., & Lewin, A. (2014). Addressing the mental health needs of pregnant and parenting adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics, 133(1), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0927
Hoffman, S. D., & Maynard, R. A. (2008). Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs & Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. The Urban Institute
Hubel, G. S., Rostad, W. L., Self-Brown, S., & Moreland, A. D. (2018). Service needs of adolescent parents in child welfare: Is an evidence-based, structured, in-home behavioral parent training protocol effective? Child Abuse & Neglect, 79, 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.005
Hughes, M., & Tucker, W. (2018). Poverty as an adverse childhood experience. North Carolina Medical Journal, 79(2), 124–126. https://doi.org/10.18043/ncm.79.2.124
Jacobs, F., Easterbrooks, M. A., Goldberg, J., Mistry, J., Bumgarner, E., Raskin, M. … Fauth, R. (2016). Improving adolescent parenting: Results from a randomized controlled trial of a home visiting program for young families. American Journal of Public Health, 106(2), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302919
Letourneau, N., Stewart, M., & Barnfather, A. (2004). Adolescent mothers: Support needs, resources, and support-education interventions. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(6), 509–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(04)00069-2
Lieberman, A. F., Van horn, P., & Ippen, C. G. (2005). Toward evidence-based treatment: Child-parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(12), 1241–1248. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000181047.59702.58
Lucas, G., Olander, E. K., Ayers, S., & Salmon, D. (2019). No straight lines – young women’s perceptions of their mental health and wellbeing during and after pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-ethnography. BMC Women’s Health, 19(1), 152. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0848-5
Madigan, S., Wade, M., Plamondon, A., Vaillancourt, K., Jenkins, J. M., Shouldice, M., & Benoit, D. (2014). Course of depression and anxiety symptoms during the transition to parenthood for female adolescents with histories of victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(7), 1160–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.04.002
Martoccio, T. L., Berlin, L. J., Aparicio, E. M., Appleyard Carmody, K., & Dodge, K. A. (2022). Intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment: Explicating underlying mechanisms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1–2), 973–986. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520914542
Mary’s Center | Quality healthcare. Stronger communities. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12 (2021). from https://www.maryscenter.org/
Muzik, M., Ads, M., Bonham, C., Rosenblum, K. L., Broderick, A., & Kirk, R. (2013). Perspectives on trauma-informed care from mothers with a history of childhood maltreatment: A qualitative study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(12), 1215–1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.014
Muzik, M., Rosenblum, K. L., Alfafara, E. A., Schuster, M. M., Miller, N. M., Waddell, R. M., & Kohler, E. S. (2015). Mom Power: Preliminary outcomes of a group intervention to improve mental health and parenting among high-risk mothers. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 18, 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-0490-z
Negriff, S., Palmer Molina, A., & Hackman, D. A. (2020). Parental exposure to childhood maltreatment and offspring’s mental health: Investigating pathways through parental adversity and offspring exposure to maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 25(4), 422–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520912342
Panisch, L. S., LaBrenz, C. A., Lawson, J., Gerlach, B., Tennant, P. S., Nulu, S., & Faulkner, M. (2020). Relationships between adverse childhood experiences and protective factors among parents at-risk for child maltreatment. Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 104816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104816
Pereira, J., Vickers, K., Atkinson, L., Gonzalez, A., Wekerle, C., & Levitan, R. (2012). Parenting stress mediates between maternal maltreatment history and maternal sensitivity in a community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(5), 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.01.006
Putnam-Hornstein, E., Cederbaum, J. A., King, B., Eastman, A. L., & Trickett, P. K. (2015). A population-level and longitudinal study of adolescent mothers and intergenerational maltreatment. American Journal of Epidemiology, 181(7), 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu321
Rosenblum, K. L., Muzik, M., Morelen, D. M., Alfafara, E. A., Miller, N. M., Waddell, R. M. … Ribaudo, J. (2017). A community-based randomized controlled trial of Mom Power parenting intervention for mothers with interpersonal trauma histories and their young children. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 20(5), 673–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0734-9
Sangsawang, B., Wacharasin, C., & Sangsawang, N. (2019). Interventions for the prevention of postpartum depression in adolescent mothers: A systematic review. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 22(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0901-7
Savio Beers, L. A., & Hollo, R. E. (2009). Approaching the adolescent-headed family: A review of teen parenting. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 39(9), 216–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.09.001
Schelbe, L., & Geiger, J. M. (2017). Parenting under pressure: Experiences of parenting while aging out of foster care. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(1), 51–64
Schmidt, R. M., Wiemann, C. M., Rickert, V. I., & Smith, E. O. (2006). Moderate to severe depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers followed four years postpartum. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(6), 712–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.05.023
Stirtzinger, R., McDermid, S., Grusec, J., Bernardini, S., Quinlan, K., & Marshall, M. (2002). Interrupting the inter-generational cycle in high risk adolescent pregnancy. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 23(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016535131384
Valentino, K., Nuttall, A. K., Comas, M., Borkowski, J. G., & Akai, C. E. (2012). Intergenerational continuity of child abuse among adolescent mothers: Authoritarian parenting, community violence, and race. Child Maltreatment, 17(2), 172–181
Yoo, H., & Abiera, K. (2020). Stories less told: Parenting strengths and family-of-origin experiences amongst parents involved with child protective services. The British Journal of Social Work, 50(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz107
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of our study participants to this work, uplifting the experiences of young, maltreated parents so that others might benefit. Funding for this study was provided by the University of Maryland Division of Research Maryland Catalyst Fund (PI Aparicio).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aparicio, E.M., Channell Doig, A., Jasczynski, M. et al. Parenting and Mental Health needs of Young, Maltreated parents: implications for Prevention of intergenerational child maltreatment. J Fam Viol 38, 659–672 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00387-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00387-5