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Variation of trace elements in chalcopyrite from worldwide Ni-Cu sulfide and Reef-type PGE deposits: implications for mineral exploration

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Abstract

Chalcopyrite from 13 worldwide representative Ni-Cu sulfide and Reef-type PGE deposits were investigated using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to evaluate its potential as an indicator mineral for exploration. Trace element data were investigated with PLS-DA (partial least square-discriminant analysis) which, combined with discriminant binary diagrams, allows identification of geochemical criteria for discrimination of deposit type (Ni-Cu sulfide vs. Reef-type PGE) and ore type (Cu-rich vs. Fe-rich). A first PLS-DA model (using Bi, In, Se Sn and Te ) discriminates chalcopyrite by deposit type; those from Reef-type PGE have higher Se relative to Ni-Cu sulfide deposits, as a result of higher R factors, whereas chalcopyrite from Ni-Cu sulfide deposits is higher in Te, Bi and Sb. Platinum Group Mineral (PGM) crystallization in Reef-type PGE deposits typically deplete Te, Bi and Sb in co-existing chalcopyrite, enhancing the differences between these two deposit types. The second PLS-DA model (based on Sb, Se, Sn, Tl and Zn) discriminates by ore type, showing that chalcopyrite from Cu-rich samples is enriched in Sn, Se and Zn relative to Fe-rich/unzoned samples, mainly as a result of sulfide fractionation. Complementary discriminant diagrams Se/(Te+Bi) vs. Se and 2Zn/(3Se+5Sn) vs. Se are proposed to discriminate chalcopyrite by deposit type and ore type, respectively. This study demonstrates that the trace element composition of chalcopyrite enables its use as an indicator mineral for exploration.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Agnico Eagle Mines Limited and le Ministère de l’Energie et des Ressources Naturelles du Québec. We thank the numerous colleagues that provided samples for this study, especially Sarah-Jane Barnes at UQAC for access to her extensive collection of magmatic sulfide deposits. We are very grateful to Dany Savard and Audrey Lavoie from LabMaTer, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi for their support with LA-ICP-MS analyses, to Marc Choquette and Suzie Coté from Université Laval for their assistance and support for SEM and EPMA analyzes and Edmond Rousseau for his support for sample preparation. We thank the referees, Eduardo Mansur and Ruben Piña, and Associate Editor Wolfgang Maier for their judicious comments which helped improve the paper significantly.

Funding

The research is funded by Agnico Eagle Mines Ltd., the Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources Naturelles du Québec and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de Géologie et Génie Géologique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada

    Enzo Caraballo & Georges Beaudoin

  2. Centre de Recherche sur la Géologie et l’Ingénierie des Ressources Minérales (E4m), Québec, QC, Canada

    Enzo Caraballo & Georges Beaudoin

  3. Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Sciences de la Terre, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada

    Sarah Dare

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  1. Enzo Caraballo
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Correspondence to Enzo Caraballo.

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Caraballo, E., Dare, S. & Beaudoin, G. Variation of trace elements in chalcopyrite from worldwide Ni-Cu sulfide and Reef-type PGE deposits: implications for mineral exploration. Miner Deposita 57, 1293–1321 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01091-y

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