Abstract
Although researchers have explored the link between depression and executive functioning (EF), the influence of early-life environmental and relational instability on this association has not been comprehensively assessed in adolescents. This cross-sectional study examined whether unpredictability of home environment in childhood moderated the relationship between depression and EF in adolescents. Participants were 138 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years (72% female; 47.8% White; 47.1% Hispanic). Diagnostic status (major depression versus healthy control) and depression severity were assessed using psycho-diagnostic interviews and self-reports from parents and adolescents. Participants also completed the Questionnaire of Unpredictability in Childhood (QUIC). EF was assessed using self-report (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition; BRIEF2) and a battery of performance-based measures. Results showed that QUIC scores moderated the relationship between depression and BRIEF2 scores, such that high unpredictability was associated with poorer EF for adolescents exhibiting low depression severity. Participants with the highest levels of depression exhibited the poorest EF ratings, regardless of childhood unpredictability. Unpredictability was moderately associated with performance-based measures, but did not interact with depressive symptoms to predict complex performance-based EF. Recommendations include assessing for unpredictable childhood environment and acknowledging this risk factor for poor EF in youth with sub-threshold depression. Treatment implications are discussed with respect to family systems/parenting interventions, as mildly depressed adolescents growing up in unstable homes may be vulnerable to EF difficulties. Further, this study adds to the EF measurement literature by examining associations between self-report and performance-based EF instruments in a diverse sample of adolescents.
Highlights
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First investigation to examine how unpredictability of home environment moderates the link between depression and executive functioning (EF) in adolescents.
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High scores on childhood unpredictability were associated with poor EF for adolescents exhibiting low scores on depression severity.
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Adolescents with high depression scores exhibited poor EF regardless of childhood unpredictability.
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Methodology contributions include examining associations between self-report and performance-based EF measures.
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Early-life environment and parent-child relationships should be assessed to help guide clinical assessment and treatment.
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This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Grants R01 MH108155, R01 DA040966, and R01 MD010757. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
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Gillespie, M.L., Rao, U. Relationships between Depression and Executive Functioning in Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Unpredictable Home Environment. J Child Fam Stud 31, 2518–2534 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02296-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02296-z