Abstract
Aquifers are a fundamental source of freshwater, yet they are particularly vulnerable in coastal regions with Mediterranean type climate, due to both climatic and anthropogenic pressures. This comparative study examines the interrelationships between ocean-atmosphere teleconnections, groundwater levels and precipitation in coastal aquifers of California (USA) and Portugal. Piezometric and climate indices (1989–2019) are analyzed using singular spectral analysis and wavelet transform methods. Singular spectral analysis identifies signals consistent with the six dominant climate patterns: the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Pacific/North American Oscillation (PNA) in California, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Eastern Atlantic Oscillation (EA) and the Scandinavian Pattern (SCAND) in Portugal. Lower-frequency oscillations have a greater influence on hydrologic patterns, with PDO (52.75%) and NAO (46.25%) on average accounting for the largest amount of groundwater level variability. Wavelet coherences show nonstationary covariability between climate patterns and groundwater levels in distinct period bands: 4–8 years for PDO, 2–4 years for ENSO, 1–2 years for PNA, 5–8 years for NAO, 2–4 years for EA and 2–8 years for SCAND. Wavelet coherence patterns also show that coupled climate patterns (NAO+ EA– and paired PDO and ENSO phases) are associated with major drought periods in both the Mediterranean climate zones.
Résumé
Les aquifères sont une ressource d’eau douce essentielle mais ils sont particulièrement vulnérables dans les régions côtières sous climat de type méditerranéen en raison de pressions tant climatiques qu’anthropiques. La présente étude comparative examine les interrelations entre les téléconnexions océan-atmosphère, le niveau des eaux souterraines et les précipitations dans les aquifères côtiers de Californie (Etats-Unis d’Amérique) et du Portugal. Les indices piézométriques et climatiques (1989–2019) sont évalués sur la base des méthodes d’analyse spectrale spécifique et de transformée en ondelettes. L’analyse spectrale spécifique identifie des signaux cohérents avec les six régimes climatiques dominants: l’Oscillation Décennale du Pacifique (ODP), l’Oscillation El Niño Sud (OENS) et l’Oscillation Pacifique Nord-Américaine (OPNA) en Californie et l’Oscillation Atlantique Nord (OAN), l’Oscillation Atlantique Est (OAE) et le Modèle Scandinave (SCAND) au Portugal. Les oscillations de basse fréquence ont une plus grande influence sur les modèles hydrologiques, ODP (52.75%) et OAN (46.25%) expliquant en moyenne le plus haut degré de variabilité du niveau des eaux souterraines. Les cohérences en ondelettes montrent une covariabilité non stationnaire entre les régimes climatiques et le niveau des eaux souterraines pour des fourchettes de temps distinctes: 4–8 ans pour ODP, 2–4 ans pour OENS, 1–2 ans pour OPNA, 5–8 ans pour OAN, 2–4 ans pour AE et 2–8 ans pour SCAND. Les schémas de cohérence des ondelettes montrent aussi que les régimes climatiques couplés (OAN + AE– et les phases ODP et OENS appariées) sont associés aux périodes de sècheresse majeures dans toutes les zones de climat méditerranéen.
Resumen
Los acuíferos son una fuente fundamental de agua dulce, pero resultan especialmente vulnerables en las regiones costeras con clima de tipo mediterráneo, debido a presiones tanto climáticas como antropogénicas. Este estudio comparativo examina las interrelaciones entre las teleconexiones océano-atmósfera, los niveles de agua subterránea y las precipitaciones en los acuíferos costeros de California (EE.UU.) y Portugal. Los indicadores piezométricos y climáticos (1989–2019) se analizan mediante métodos de análisis espectral singular y de transformación de ondas. El análisis espectral singular identifica señales consistentes con los seis patrones climáticos dominantes: la Oscilación Decadal del Pacífico (PDO), El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) y la Oscilación del Pacífico/Norteamericana (PNA) en California, y la Oscilación del Atlántico Norte (NAO), la Oscilación del Atlántico Oriental (EA) y el Patrón Escandinavo (SCAND) en Portugal. Las oscilaciones de menor frecuencia tienen una mayor influencia en los patrones hidrológicos, siendo la PDO (52,75%) y la NAO (46,25%) las que, por término medio, representan la mayor cantidad de variabilidad del nivel de las aguas subterráneas. Las coherencias de las ondas muestran una covariabilidad no estacionaria entre los patrones climáticos y los niveles de las aguas subterráneas en distintas bandas de periodos: 4–8 años para la PDO, 2–4 años para el ENSO, 1–2 años para la PNA, 5–8 años para la NAO, 2–4 años para la EA y 2–8 años para la SCAND. Los patrones de coherencia de ondas también muestran que los patrones climáticos acoplados (NAO+ EA– y las fases acopladas de PDO y ENSO) se asocian con los principales períodos de sequía en ambas zonas climáticas del Mediterráneo.
摘要
含水层是淡水的主要来源,但由于气候和人类活动的影响,它们在地中海型气候的沿海地区尤其脆弱。这项比较研究考察了加利福尼亚(美国)和葡萄牙沿海含水层中的海洋-大气遥相关、地下水位和降水之间的相互关系。使用奇异谱分析和小波变换方法分析了压力和气候指数(1989–2019)。奇异谱分析识别出与六种主要气候模式一致的信号:太平洋年际涛动(PDO)、厄尔尼诺-南方涛动 (ENSO) 和加利福尼亚的太平洋/北美涛动(PNA),以及北大西洋涛动(NAO)、东大西洋涛动(EA)和葡萄牙的斯堪的纳维亚模式(SCAND)。低频振荡对水文格局的影响更大,平均而言,PDO(52.75%)和 NAO(46.25%)对地下水水位变化贡献最大。小波相干性显示不同时期带中气候模式和地下水位之间的非平稳协变:PDO 4–8 年,ENSO 2–4 年,PNA 1–2 年,NAO 5–8 年,2–4 年EA 和 SCAND 2–8 年。小波相干模式还表明,耦合气候模式(NAO+ EA–和成对的 PDO 和 ENSO 阶段)与地中海气候区的主要干旱期有关。
Resumo
Aquíferos são fontes fundamentais de água doce, ainda que os mesmos são particularmente vulneráveis nas regiões costeiras com climas do tipo Mediterrâneo, devidos às pressões tanto climáticas como antropogênicas. Este estudo comparativo examina as interrelações entre teleconexões oceano-atmosfera, níveis de águas subterrâneas e precipitações nos aquíferos costeiros da Califórnia (EUA) e Portugal. Índices piezométricos e climáticos (1989–2019) foram analisados utilizando analises espectrais singulares e métodos de transformação de onduleta. Analises espectrais singulares identificam sinais consistentes com os seis padrões climáticos dominantes: a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP), El Niño-Oscilação do Sul (ENOS), e a Oscilação Pacífico/América do Norte (PAN) na Califórnia, e a Oscilação do Atlântico Norte (OAN), a Oscilação Atlântica Oriental (AO) e o Padrão Escandinavo (SCAND) em Portugal. Oscilações de baixa frequência apresentam grande influência nos padrões hidrológicos, com ODP (52.75%) e OAN (46.25%) representando em média a contagem da maior quantidade da variabilidade dos níveis de águas subterrâneas. Coerências de onduletas demonstram uma covariabilidade não satisfatória entre os padrões climáticos e os níveis de águas subterrâneas em períodos distintos de ondas: 4–8 anos para ODP, 2–4 anos para ENOS, 1–2 anos para PAN, 5–8 anos para OAN, 2–4 anos para AO e 2–8 anos para SCAND. Os padrões de coerência das onduletas também demonstram que padrões de climas acoplados (OAN + AO– e fases emparelhadas de ODP e ENOS) estão associadas com os principais períodos de secas em ambas zonas de clima Mediterrâneo.
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We are grateful for the constructive comments and suggestions of three anonymous reviewers and the associate editor, which helped to improve the manuscript.
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This publication is partially supported by FCT-project UIDB/50019/2020 – IDL (Instituto Dom Luiz).
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Malmgren, K.A., C. Neves, M., Gurdak, J.J. et al. Groundwater response to climate variability in Mediterranean type climate zones with comparisons of California (USA) and Portugal. Hydrogeol J 30, 767–782 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02470-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02470-z