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Review: Hydrogeology of Northern Mendoza (Argentina), from the Andes to the eastern plains, in the context of climate change

Article de synthèse: Hydrogéologie du Nord de Mendoza (Argentine), des Andes aux plaines orientales, en contexte de changement climatique

Revisión: Hidrogeología del Norte de Mendoza (Argentina), desde los Andes a las planicies del Este, en el contexto del cambio climático

横跨安第斯山脉和东部平原的阿根廷门多萨北部的水文地质研究综述

Revisão: Hidrogeologia do norte de Mendoza (Argentina), dos Andes à planície oriental, no contexto das mudanças climáticas

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Abstract

In the drylands of Northern Mendoza, Argentina, water supply depends on rivers and groundwater. Climate change makes this region vulnerable due to the snow-glacial-melt regime of the main rivers and populations being concentrated in “irrigated oasis” areas. This article synthesizes hydrogeological knowledge of Northern Mendoza, from the Andes to the eastern plains. The study collected hydrogeological information (published and unpublished) from 1974 to 2020 and analyzed the groundwater situation in the context of climate change. Northern Mendoza comprises fractured and clastic aquifers. Hydrogeological studies (mainly technical reports from the 1980s and 1990s) focused on clastic aquifers to support agricultural activities. These studies included general hydrochemical characterization and localized contamination surveys. Also, they included estimations of groundwater reserves and hydraulic parameters. The hydrogeology of mountain and foothill areas is mostly unknown. Further work is needed: quantification of groundwater resources, surveys of contamination and overexploitation of the confined and unconfined aquifers, better understanding of the surface-water/groundwater interaction, and an efficient monitoring network. The lack of updated information and a sustainable groundwater management strategy in irrigated areas has created legal conflicts among groundwater users, pollution problems, and high pressure on this finite resource. Besides, the poor current groundwater knowledge limits the regional economic development and the enforcement of protection measures against water contamination and overexploitation. Although the impacts of climate change on groundwater resources are globally uncertain, the adaptation to this change requires an improvement in the understanding of groundwater, professionalization of its management, and incorporation of technological advances in hydrogeology issues and water uses.

Résumé

Dans les zones arides du nord de Mendoza, en Argentine, l’approvisionnement en eau dépend des rivières et des eaux souterraines. Le changement climatique rend cette région vulnérable en raison du régime neige-glace-fonte des principales rivières et de la concentration des populations dans les zones d’“oasis irriguées”. Cet article fait la synthèse des connaissances hydrogéologiques du nord de Mendoza, des Andes aux plaines orientales. L’étude a recueilli des informations hydrogéologiques (publiées et non publiées) de 1974 à 2020 et a analysé la situation des eaux souterraines dans le contexte du changement climatique. Le nord de Mendoza comprend des aquifères fracturés et détritiques. Les études hydrogéologiques (principalement des rapports techniques des années 1980 et 1990) se sont concentrées sur les aquifères détritiques pour soutenir les activités agricoles. Ces études comprenaient une caractérisation hydrochimique générale et des enquêtes localisées sur la contamination. Ils comprenaient également des estimations des réserves d’eau souterraine et des paramètres hydrauliques. L’hydrogéologie des zones de montagne et de piémont est en grande partie inconnue. D’autres travaux sont nécessaires: quantification des ressources en eau souterraine, enquêtes sur la contamination et la surexploitation des aquifères captifs et libres, meilleure compréhension de l’interaction entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines, et réseau de surveillance efficace. L’absence d’informations actualisées et de stratégie de gestion durable des eaux souterraines dans les zones irriguées a engendré des conflits juridiques entre les utilisateurs des eaux souterraines, des problèmes de pollution et une forte pression sur cette ressource limitée. En outre, la maigre connaissance actuelle des eaux souterraines limite le développement économique régional et l’application de mesures de protection contre la contamination et la surexploitation des eaux. Bien que les impacts du changement climatique sur les ressources en eau souterraine soient globalement incertains, l’adaptation à ce changement nécessite une amélioration de la compréhension des eaux souterraines, une professionnalisation de leur gestion, et l’incorporation des avancées technologiques en matière d’hydrogéologie et des usages de l’eau.

Resumen

En la región árida del norte de Mendoza, Argentina, el abastecimiento de agua depende de los ríos y las aguas subterráneas. Esta zona resulta altamente vulnerable al cambio climático debido al régimen nivo-glaciar de los principales ríos y a la concentración de la población en los denominados “oasis irrigados”. Este artículo sintetiza el estado del conocimiento de la hidrogeológica del norte de Mendoza, desde los Andes hasta las áreas llanas del este. El estudio recopila información hidrogeológica (publicada e inédita) desde 1974 hasta 2020 y analiza la situación de las aguas subterráneas en el contexto del cambio climático. En la zona de estudio se reconocen acuíferos fracturados y clásticos. Los estudios hidrogeológicos (principalmente informes técnicos de las décadas de 1980 y 1990) se centraron en el estudio de los acuíferos clásticos altamente demandados por el sector agrícola. Estos estudios incluían la caracterización hidroquímica general y estudios de contaminación localizados. También incluían estimaciones de las reservas de agua subterránea y de parámetros hidráulicos. Se desconoce en gran medida la hidrogeología de las zonas de montaña y piedemonte. Es necesario generar estudios vinculados a: la cuantificación de los recursos hídricos subterráneos, la contaminación y sobreexplotación de acuíferos libre y confinados, la interacción aguas superficiales-agua subterránea, así como incluir una red de monitoreo efectiva. Se observa que la falta de información y de estrategias de gestión sustentables de las aguas subterráneas en las zonas de regadío, han generado conflictos legales entre los usuarios, así como problemas de contaminación y una gran presión sobre este recurso finito. Además, el escaso conocimiento actualizado de las aguas subterráneas limita el desarrollo económico regional y la aplicación de medidas de protección contra la contaminación y la sobreexplotación de acuíferos. Aunque los impactos del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos subterráneos son globalmente inciertos, la adaptación a este cambio requiere una mejora en la comprensión de las aguas subterráneas, la profesionalización de su gestión y la incorporación de los avances tecnológicos en materia de hidrogeología y usos del agua.

摘要

阿根廷门多萨北部的干旱区主要采用河水和地下水作为供水水源。由于主要河流的冰雪融化机制和人口集中在“灌溉绿洲”区,气候变化使该地区的供水更为脆弱。本文综合了从安第斯山脉到东部平原的门多萨北部的水文地质认识。该研究收集了 1974 年至 2020 年的水文地质信息(已发表和未发表),并分析了气候变化背景下的地下水状况。门多萨北部由裂隙和碎屑含水层组成。水文地质研究(主要是 1980 年代和 1990 年代的技术报告)主要关注支持农业活动的碎屑含水层。这些研究包括一般水化学表征和局部污染调查。此外,研究还包括对地下水储量和水力参数的估计。山区和山麓地区的水文地质大多是未知的。需要进一步开展工作包括:地下水资源的量化、承压和潜水含水层的污染和过度开采调查、更好地了解地表水/地下水相互作用以及有效的监测网络。灌区缺乏更新的信息和可持续的地下水管理战略,造成了地下水使用者之间的法律冲突、污染问题以及对利用有限资源的高压。此外,目前对地下水的认识不足,限制了区域经济发展和防止水污染和过度开采的保护措施的执行。尽管气候变化对地下水资源的影响在全球范围内尚不确定,但要适应这种变化,就需要提高对地下水的理解,使其管理专业化,并将技术进步纳入水文地质问题和用水。

Resumo

Nas terras áridas do norte de Mendoza, Argentina, o abastecimento de água depende dos rios e das águas subterrâneas. As mudanças climáticas tornam esta região vulnerável devido ao regime de degelo dos rios principais e populações concentradas em áreas de “oásis irrigados”. Este artigo sintetiza o conhecimento hidrogeológico do norte de Mendoza, desde os Andes até a planície oriental. O estudo coletou informações hidrogeológicas (publicadas e não publicadas) de 1974 a 2020 e analisou a situação das águas subterrâneas no contexto das mudanças climáticas. O norte de Mendoza compreende aquíferos fraturados e clásticos. Estudos hidrogeológicos (principalmente relatórios técnicos das décadas de 1980 e 1990) enfocaram os aquíferos clásticos para apoiar as atividades agrícolas. Esses estudos incluíram a caracterização hidroquímica geral e pesquisas de contaminação localizada. Além disso, eles incluíram estimativas de reservas de água subterrânea e parâmetros hidráulicos. A hidrogeologia das áreas montanhosas e contrafortes é quase totalmente desconhecida. São necessários mais trabalhos: quantificação dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos, levantamentos de contaminação e sobreexploração dos aquíferos confinados e não confinados, melhor compreensão da interação água superficial/subterrânea e uma rede de monitoramento eficiente. A falta de informações atualizadas e uma estratégia de gestão sustentável das águas subterrâneas em áreas irrigadas tem criado conflitos legais entre os usuários das águas subterrâneas, problemas de poluição e alta pressão sobre este recurso finito. Além disso, o pouco conhecimento atual sobre as águas subterrâneas limita o desenvolvimento econômico regional e a aplicação de medidas de proteção contra a contaminação e a sobreexploração da água. Embora os impactos das mudanças climáticas sobre os recursos hídricos subterrâneos sejam globalmente incertos, a adaptação a essa mudança requer uma melhoria no entendimento das águas subterrâneas, profissionalização de sua gestão e incorporação de avanços tecnológicos nas questões de hidrogeologia e usos da água.

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Acknowledgements

Our special thanks to Amilcar Alvarez, Matias Martinis, Jorge Bartolomeo, Maximo Velga, Aldo Mosuchi, Jose Zuluaga, Alejandro Drovandi, professionals of the INA-CRA-Mendoza for providing the data and studies used in this paper. We would like to thank the two anonymous, excellent and committed reviewers, for their thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving our manuscript. We acknowledge Claudia Bottero for English revision and Mariano Tagua for DEM construction. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hydrogeology Area, Argentine Dryland Research Institute (IADIZA) National Council for Scientific and Technical Research. CONICET, Avda. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque Gral. San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina

    Maria Laura Gomez & S. D’Ambrosio

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA

    G. Hoke

  3. Argentine Institute of Nivology, Glaciology and Environmental Sciences (IANIGLA) National Council for Scientific and Technical Research. CONICET, Avda. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque Gral. San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina

    S. Moreiras

  4. Institute of Materials and Soils, Faculty of Engineering, National University of San Juan, Av. Gral. San Martin, 1109, San Juan, Argentina

    A. Castro

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Gomez, M.L., Hoke, G., D’Ambrosio, S. et al. Review: Hydrogeology of Northern Mendoza (Argentina), from the Andes to the eastern plains, in the context of climate change. Hydrogeol J 30, 725–750 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02462-z

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