Abstract
Accurate measurements of pesticide levels in the environment are necessary to set policies, yet actual analytical methods are limited by the use of toxic solvents and tedious procedures. Here, we used a thermo-switchable deep eutectic solvent, a mixture of oleic acid and lidocaine in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction to improve the extraction of four organophosphorus pesticides and five pyrethroids in simulated water samples. Concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results show that the deep eutectic solvent can be dispersed by shaking and aggregated by heating in the water during the extraction process, which shortened the extraction time to 5 min. Concentrations were measured with good precision, 0.8–9.7% standard deviation, and low detection limit of 0.16–0.81 µg L−1. Analysis of natural river waters spiked with pesticides showed 81–113% recovery.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
taken from rivers near the city and far from farmland
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott AP, Boothby D, Capper G et al (2004) Deep eutectic solvents formed between choline chloride and carboxylic acids: versatile alternatives to ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 126:9142–9147. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja048266j
Albaseer SS (2019) Factors controlling the fate of pyrethroids residues during post-harvest processing of raw agricultural crops: an overview. Food Chem 295:58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.109
Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Mazej D et al (2020) Mother/child organophosphate and pyrethroid distributions. Environ Int 134:105264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105264
Cai C, Chen X, Li FF et al (2021) Three-phase partitioning based on CO2-responsive deep eutectic solvents for the green and sustainable extraction of lipid from nannochloropsis sp. Sep Purif Technol 279:119685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119685
Deng W, Yu L, Li X et al (2019) Hexafluoroisopropanol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of pyrethroids in tea beverages and fruit juices. Food Chem 274:891–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.048
Fang W, Peng Y, Muir D et al (2019) A critical review of synthetic chemicals in surface waters of the US, the EU and China. Environ Int 131:104994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104994
Hyde A, M, Zultanski S L, Waldman J H, et al (2017) General principles and strategies for salting-out informed by the hofmeister series. Org Process Res Dev 21:1355–1370. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00197
Janke JJ, Bennett W, Tieleman DP (2014) Oleic acid phase behavior from molecular dynamics simulations. Langmuir 30:10661–10667. https://doi.org/10.1021/la501962n
Jouyban A, Farajzadeh MA, Mogaddam MRA (2020) In matrix formation of deep eutectic solvent used in liquid phase extraction coupled with solidification of organic droplets dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; application in determination of some pesticides in milk samples. Talanta 206:120169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120169
Li G, Row KH (2019) Utilization of deep eutectic solvents in dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction. Trends Anal Chem 120:115651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.115651
Li AJ, Chen Z, Lin TC et al (2020) Association of urinary metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, and phenoxy herbicides with endometriosis. Environ Int 136:105456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105456
Longeras O, Gautier A, Ballerat-Busserolles K et al (2020) Deep eutectic solvent with thermo-switchable hydrophobicity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(33):12516–12520. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c03478
Ma W, Row KH (2021) pH-induced deep eutectic solvents based homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction of two antibiotics from environmental water. Microchem J 160:105642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105642
Makoś P, Słupek E, Gębicki J (2020) Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents in microextraction techniques-A review. Microchem J 152:104384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104384
Mao X, Wan Y, Li Z et al (2020) Analysis of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in organic and conventional vegetables using QuEChERS combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplet. Food Chem 309:125755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125755
Montalbán MG, Villora G, Licence P (2018) Ecotoxicity assessment of dicationic versus monocationic ionic liquids as a more environmentally friendly alternative. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 150:129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.073
Ngaosi N, Seebunrueng K, Srijaranai S (2016) In-syringe reversed dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicide residues in cereal samples. Anal Methods 8(21):4254–4262. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY03380B
Psillakis E (2019) Vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction revisited. TrAC. Trends Anal Chem 113:332–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.007
Rezaee M, Assadi Y, Hosseini MRM et al (2006) Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 1116:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.007
Samsidar A, Siddiquee S, Shaarani SM (2018) A review of extraction, analytical and advanced methods for determination of pesticides in environment and foodstuffs. Trends Food Sci Technol 71:188–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.011
Zhong Z, Li G, Luo Z et al (2019) Microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupling to solidification of floating organic droplet for colorants analysis in selected cosmetics by liquid chromatography. Talanta 194:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.105
Funding
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21677115) and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program (No.2019SF-238).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
QL contributed to experiment and data curation; ZL was involved in method development; LW contributed to modification and editing; XC was involved in original draft preparation; YX contributed to technical support; and JZ was involved in supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors report no declarations of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Q., Li, Z., Wei, L. et al. Fast dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of pesticides in water based on a thermo-switchable deep eutectic solvent. Environ Chem Lett 20, 2271–2276 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01431-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01431-y