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Movement patterns and residency of bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, in a marine protected area of the Gulf of California

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Abstract

In the southwestern Gulf of California one of the most successful marine protected areas (MPA) worldwide is found: Cabo Pulmo National Park (CPNP). Due to the level of protection and availability of prey, a large population of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) exists in this MPA. Historical records about the abundance and distribution of these sharks in the park are scarce. Here we describe the movement patterns of 32 bull sharks within CPNP using a passive acoustic telemetry array (N = 13) located along the park to examine how the residency of the species change spatially and temporally. Environmental variables were taken in situ (HOBOs) and complemented with satellite information (MODIS aqua). The mean residence index (RI) was 0.365 (SD ± 0.2143). Sharks were resident from December to May, whereas they were absent from August to October. Most bull sharks preferred water temperatures below 28 ºC and depths as shallow as 14 m as well as deeper waters ranging from 70 to 160 m. They thus occupy a wide range of habitats with diverse prey, from shallow to mesophotic reefs. Differences in the residency of males and females occur in response to temperature during the different seasons, resulting in sexual segregation. Our results suggest that females segregate from males probably for reproductive reasons (pupping in another area) or to feed on more energy-rich prey resulting in increased growth rates. This study provides information germane to the protection and management of bull sharks in CPNP.

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Data supporting this work will be made available on reasonable request to the corresponding and senior authors of this manuscript.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Paul Angell Foundation, International Community Foundation, Dalio Foundation, Alianza WWF-Fundación Carlos Slim, Alianza WWF-Fundación Telmex-Telcel, Mission Blue, Sherwood Scuba Marine Conservation, and Ocean Blue Tree for supporting our work. We also acknowledge CONANP and especially Carlos Gódinez, director of CPNP, and all of his staff for facilitating and providing all permits to be able to carry out this study. Many thanks to Manuel Castro, Alejandro Romero, and other members of the community for helping with the logistics to perform all the tagging and receiver maintenance activities. We are also grateful to Octavio Aburto and Tim Rowell of Scripps Institution of Oceanography for providing additional acoustic receivers that increased our array of listening stations in Cabo Pulmo.

Funding

Paul Angell Foundation, International Community Foundation, Dalio Foundation, Alianza WWF-Fundación Carlos Slim, Alianza WWF-Fundación Telmex-Telcel, Mission Blue, Sherwood Scuba Marine Conservation, Ocean Blue Tree.

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  1. Pelagios Kakunjá, Cuauhtémoc 155, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

    Frida Lara-Lizardi, E. Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla, Miguel Grau & James T. Ketchum

  2. MigraMar, 2099 Westshore Rd, Bodega Bay, CA, USA

    Frida Lara-Lizardi, E. Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla, A. Peter Klimley & James T. Ketchum

  3. Fins Attached: Marine Research and Conservation 19675, Still Glen Drive, Colorado Springs, CO, USA

    E. Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla & A. Peter Klimley

  4. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Noroeste CIBNOR, La Paz, Baja California Sur, B.C.S, México

    James T. Ketchum

  5. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México

    Frida Lara-Lizardi

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  1. Frida Lara-Lizardi
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Correspondence to James T. Ketchum.

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Animal Care Protocols for the tagging of bull sharks were obtained from the University of California, Davis Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC Protocol # 16022). The databases with acoustic tag detections are identified in the Methods section. All authors have read the manuscript, made editorial contributions, and are willing to be listed as authors on this paper.

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Lara-Lizardi, F., Hoyos-Padilla, E.M., Klimley, A.P. et al. Movement patterns and residency of bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, in a marine protected area of the Gulf of California. Environ Biol Fish 105, 1765–1779 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-022-01223-x

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