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Assessment of the level of activity of advective transport through fractures and faults in marine deposits by comparison between stable isotope compositions of fracture and pore waters

Évaluation du niveau d′activité du transport advectif à travers les fractures et les failles des dépôts marins en utilisant une comparaison entre les compositions en isotopes stables des eaux de fracture et celles des eaux interstitielles

Evaluación del nivel de actividad del transporte advectivo a través de fracturas y fallas en depósitos marinos por comparación entre las composiciones de isótopos estables de las aguas de fractura y de poro

通过对比裂隙水和孔隙水稳定同位素成分评估海洋沉积物中裂隙和断层的对流传输水平

Avaliação do nível de atividade do transporte advectivo através de fraturas e falhas em depósitos marinhos pela comparação entre a composição de isótopos estáveis da água de fraturas e poros

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Abstract

Assessment of the level of activity of advective transport through faults and fractures is essential for guiding the geological disposal of radioactive waste. In this study, the advective flow (active, inactive) of meteoric water through fractures is assessed by comparing stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) between fracture and pore waters obtained from four boreholes in marine deposits in the Horonobe area, Japan. At 27–83-m depth in one borehole and 28–250 m in another, the isotopic compositions of pore and fracture water reflect mixing with meteoric water, with stronger meteoric-water signatures being observed in the fracture water than in pore water of the rock matrix. At greater depths in these boreholes and at all sampling depths in the other two studied boreholes, the isotopic compositions of fracture and pore waters are comparable. These results suggest that the advective flow of meteoric water is active at shallow depths where fossil seawater is highly diluted in the two boreholes. This interpretation is compatible with the occurrence of present or paleo meteoric waters and tritium, whereby present meteoric water and tritium are limited to those depths in the two boreholes. This difference in the level of activity of advective flow is probably because of the glacial–interglacial difference in hydraulic gradients resulting from sea-level change. Although fractures are hydraulically connected to the surface through the sedimentary rock, advective flow through them is inferred to remain inactive so long as sea level does not fall substantially.

Résumé

L′évaluation du niveau d′activité du transport advectif à travers les failles et les fractures est essentielle pour contraindre le stockage géologique des déchets radioactifs. Dans cette étude, le flux advectif (actif, inactif) de l′eau météorique à travers les fractures est évalué en comparant les isotopes stables (δD et δ18O) des eaux de fracture et ceux des eaux interstitielles obtenues à partir de quatre forages dans des dépôts marins de la région de Horonobe, au Japon. A 27–83 m de profondeur dans un forage et à 28–250 m dans un autre, les compositions isotopiques de l′eau de porosité et de fracture reflètent un mélange avec de l′eau météorique, avec des signatures en eau météorique plus fortes dans l′eau de fracture que dans l′eau de porosité de la matrice rocheuse. A de plus grandes profondeurs dans ces forages et à toutes les profondeurs d′échantillonnage dans les deux autres forages étudiés, les compositions isotopiques des eaux de fracture et des eaux interstitielles sont comparables. Ces résultats suggèrent que le flux advectif d′eau météorique est actif à faible profondeur où l′eau de mer fossile est fortement diluée dans les deux forages. Cette interprétation est compatible avec la présence d′eaux météoriques actuelles ou anciennes, les eaux météoriques actuelles et la présence de tritium étant limitées à ces profondeurs dans les deux forages. Cette différence dans le niveau d′activité du flux advectif est probablement liée à la différence glaciaire–interglaciaire des gradients hydrauliques résultant des variations du niveau de la mer. Bien que les fractures soient hydrauliquement reliées à la surface par les roches sédimentaires, on suppose que le flux advectif qui les traverse reste inactif tant que le niveau de la mer ne baisse pas de manière substantielle.

Resumen

La evaluación del nivel de actividad del transporte advectivo a través de fallas y fracturas es esencial para orientar el almacenamiento geológico de residuos radiactivos. En este estudio se evalúa el flujo advectivo (activo, inactivo) del agua meteórica a través de las fracturas mediante la comparación de isótopos estables (δD y δ18O) entre las aguas de fractura y las de poro obtenidas en cuatro sondeos en depósitos marinos en la zona de Horonobe, Japón. A 27–83 m de profundidad en un sondeo y a 28–250 m en otro, las composiciones isotópicas del agua de poro y de fractura reflejan la mezcla con el agua meteórica, observándose firmas de agua meteórica más fuertes en el agua de fractura que en el agua de poro de la matriz de la roca. A mayores profundidades en estos sondeos y en todas las profundidades de muestreo en los otros dos sondeos estudiados, las composiciones isotópicas de las aguas de fractura y de poro son comparables. Estos resultados sugieren que el flujo advectivo de agua meteórica está activo a poca profundidad, donde el agua de mar fósil está muy diluida en los dos sondeos. Esta interpretación es compatible con la presencia de aguas meteóricas actuales o antiguas y de tritio, por lo que el agua meteórica actual y el tritio se limitan a esas profundidades en los dos sondeos. Esta diferencia en el nivel de actividad del flujo advectivo se debe probablemente a la diferencia glacial–interglacial en los gradientes hidráulicos resultantes del cambio del nivel del mar. Aunque las fracturas están conectadas hidráulicamente a la superficie a través de la roca sedimentaria, se infiere que el flujo advectivo a través de ellas permanece inactivo mientras el nivel del mar no descienda sustancialmente.

摘要

评估裂隙和断层的对流传输水平对于指导放射性废物的地质处置至关重要。在本研究中, 通过比较日本和罗门地区海洋沉积区四个钻孔中获得的裂隙水和孔隙水的稳定同位素(δD 和 δ18O), 评估了大气降水通过裂隙的对流活动(活跃和非活跃)。在一个深27–83 m的钻孔和另一个深28–250 m的钻孔中, 孔隙水和裂隙水的同位素组成反映了其与大气降水的混合, 在裂隙水中观察到的大气降水特征高于孔隙水。在这些钻孔的更大深度和其他两个研究钻孔的所有取样深度, 裂隙水和孔隙水的同位素组成具有可比性。这些结果表明, 在化石海水高度稀释的两个钻孔浅层, 大气降水的对流是活跃的。该解释与当前或古大气降水和氚的出现相一致, 因此当前大气降水和氚仅限于两个钻孔的深度。对流活动水平的这种差异可能是由于海平面变化导致的冰川–间冰期水力梯度的差异。尽管裂隙通过沉积岩与地表进行水力连接, 但只要海平面没有大幅下降, 通过裂隙的对流就可以保持不活动状态。

Resumo

A avaliação do nível de atividade do transporte advectivo através de falhas e fraturas é essencial para orientar a disposição geológica de resíduos radioativos. Neste estudo, o fluxo advectivo (ativo, inativo) da água meteórica através de fraturas é avaliado pela comparação entre os isótopos estáveis (δD e δ18O) da água em fraturas e da água em poros, obtidas de quatro poços em depósitos marinhos da região de Horonobe, Japão. Nas profundidades de 27–83 m em um poço e 28–250 m em outro poço, a composição isotópica das águas dos poros e fraturas refletem uma mistura com água meteórica, sendo observadas assinaturas mais fortes da água meteórica nas fraturas do que nos poros da rocha matriz. Em maiores profundidades nesses mesmos poços, e em todas as profundidades amostradas nos outros dois poços estudados, a composição isotópica da água nas fraturas e nos poros são comparáveis. Esses resultados sugerem que o fluxo advectivo da água meteórica é ativo em profundidades mais rasas, onde a água fóssil do mar é altamente diluída nos dois poços. Essa interpretação é compatível com a ocorrência de águas meteóricas recentes, ou águas paleometeóricas e trítio, sendo que a água meteórica recente e trítio são limitados a essas profundidades nos dois poços. Essa diferença no nível de atividade do fluxo advectivo é provavelmente por conta da diferença glacial–interglacial nos gradientes hidráulicos, resultante da mudança do nível do mar. Embora as fraturas são hidraulicamente conectadas à superfície através de rochas sedimentares, o fluxo advectivo através delas é inferido como inativo contanto que o nível do mar não caia substancialmente.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank colleagues at JAEA for fruitful discussions and for the provision of data during the Horonobe URL project and Toshihiro Sakai of JAEA for providing the contour map. The authors also acknowledge two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped to improve the quality of manuscript, as well as an anonymous associate editor and editor Maria-Theresia Schafmeister for editorial handling of the manuscript.

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  1. Horonobe Underground Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Hokushin 432-2, Horonobe-cho, Hokkaido, 098-3224, Japan

    Akihito Mochizuki & Eiichi Ishii

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Mochizuki, A., Ishii, E. Assessment of the level of activity of advective transport through fractures and faults in marine deposits by comparison between stable isotope compositions of fracture and pore waters. Hydrogeol J 30, 813–827 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02466-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02466-9

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