Abstract
Corn cob and tea leaves waste are used as raw materials for condensed phenolic structures. In this study phenolics were extracted from these waste materials, characterized, and modified to obtain surface active materials. The phenolic structures of corn cob were HGS-type lignin with 10% by mass of initial dry weight, while of tea waste were condensed tannin with catechin-like fragments with 15% by mass. Hydroxymethylation reactions were carried out to increase the reactive sites and also the water solubility. The phenolics of the corn cob were hydroxymethylated to a higher rate than the phenolics of the tea leaves waste (85 vs. 48%). Subsequent modification with maleic anhydride was carried out at a rate of about 40% for both types. Visual determinations indicated that all the materials obtained behaved like non-ionic surfactants. However, sulfonation of tannin structure (at a rate of 40%) resulted in an anionic surfactant structure, as expected.
Funding source: Research Fund of Istanbul Technical University
Award Identifier / Grant number: 33529
About the authors
Burcu Kangal Büyükdere has graduated from Marmara University Chemistry Education Department, and received M.Sc. degree from Istanbul Technical University Graduate School in 2011.
Cüneyt H. Ünlü is Associate Professor at Istanbul Technical University Chemistry Department. He received his PhD degree at the Istanbul Technical University in 2010, on the subject of polymer/clay nanocomposite synthesis using polysaccharides. His research area covers recovery, characterization, and modification of polymeric materials from plant wastes, polymer/clay nanocomposites, and surface active materials. He also gives lectures on Food Chemistry, Polymer Characterization.
Oya G. Atıcı is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Istanbul Technical University. She received her doctorate in organic chemistry from the same university. Her research and expertise are in the recovery of biopolymeric waste materials, synthesis and characterization of surfactants and polymeric nanocomposites derived from these materials for industrial applications. Special interest in application is the design of chemical and physical properties of natural and synthetic polymeric materials and of controlled drug release systems.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: This paper is supported by Research Fund of Istanbul Technical University, Turkey (Project No: 33529).
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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