Abstract
The corrosion degradation behavior of concrete materials plays a crucial role in the change of its mechanical properties under multi-ion interaction in the marine environment. In this study, the variation in the macrophysical and mechanical properties of concrete with corrosion time is investigated, and the source of micro-corrosion products under different salt solutions in seawater are analyzed. Regardless of the continuous hydration effect of concrete, the damage effects of various corrosive ions (Cl−, SO 2−4 , and Mg2+, etc.) on the tensile and compressive strength of concrete are discussed based on measurement in different salt solutions. The sensitivity analysis method for concrete strength is used to quantitatively analyze the sensitivity of concrete strength to the effects of each ion in a multi-salt solution without considering the influence of continued hydration. The quantitative results indicate that the addition of Cl− can weaken the corrosion effect of SO 2−4 by about 20%, while the addition of Mg2+ or Mg2+ and Cl− can strengthen it by 10%–20% during a 600-d corrosion process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Poupard O, L’Hostis V, Catinaud S, Petre-Lazar I. Corrosion damage diagnosis of a reinforced concrete beam after 40 years natural exposure in marine environment. Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(3): 504–520
Da B, Yu H F, Ma H Y, Tan Y S, Mi R J, Dou X M. Chloride diffusion study of coral concrete in a marine environment. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 123: 47–58
Cang S, Yang Y Z, Chen J K. Damage layer evolution of a breakwater under seawater attack: testing and modeling. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, 2020, 33(1): 1–13
Lei L, Wang Q, Xu S, Wang N, Zheng X. Fabrication of superhydrophobic concrete used in marine environment with anticorrosion and stable mechanical properties. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 251: 118946
Wu Z Y, Yu H F, Ma H Y, Zhang J H, Da B, Zhu H W. Rebar corrosion in coral aggregate concrete: Determination of chloride threshold by LPR. Corrosion Science, 2020, 163: 108238
Wang X Y. Impacts of climate change on optimal mixture design of blended concrete considering carbonation and chloride ingress. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2020, 14(2): 473–486
Qiao C, Suraneni P, Weiss J. Damage in cement pastes exposed to NaCl solutions. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 171: 120–127
Xu H, Chen J K. Coupling effect of corrosion damage on chloride ions diffusion in cement based materials. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 243: 118225
Jiang L, Niu D T. Study of deterioration of concrete exposed to different types of sulfate solutions under drying-wetting cycles. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 117: 88–98
Zhang M H, Chen J K, Lv Y F, Wang D J, Ye J. Study on the expansion of concrete under attack of sulfate and sulfate-chloride ions. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 39: 26–32
Sotiriadis K, Nikolopoulou E, Tsivilis S, Pavlou A, Chaniotakis E, Swamy R N. The effect of chlorides on the thaumasite form of sulfate attack of limestone cement concrete containing mineral admixtures at low temperature. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 43: 156–164
Chen Y, Gao J, Tang L, Li X. Resistance of concrete against combined attack of chloride and sulfate under drying-wetting cycles. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 106: 650–658
Yin R R, Zhang C C, Wu Q, Li B C, Xie H. Damage on lining concrete in highway tunnels under combined sulfate and chloride attack. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2018, 12(3): 331–340
Maes M, de Belie N. Resistance of concrete and mortar against combined attack of chloride and sodium sulphate. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2014, 53: 59–72
Zuo X B, Sun W, Yu C. Numerical investigation on expansive volume strain in concrete subjected to sulfate attack. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 36: 404–410
Mao L X, Hu Z, Xia J, Feng G L, Azim I, Yang J, Liu Q F. Multiphase modelling of electrochemical rehabilitation for ASR and chloride affected concrete composites. Composite Structures, 2019, 207: 176–189
Jiang W Q, Shen X H, Hong S X, Wu Z Y, Liu Q F. Binding capacity and diffusivity of concrete subjected to freeze-thaw and chloride attack: a numerical study. Ocean Engineering, 2019, 186: 106093
Li L J, Liu Q F, Tang L P, Hu Z, Wen Y, Zhang P. Chloride penetration in freeze-thaw induced cracking concrete: A numerical study. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 302: 124291
Liu Q F, Iqbal M F, Yang J, Lu X Y, Zhang P, Rauf M. Prediction of chloride diffusivity in concrete using artificial neural network: Modelling and performance evaluation. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 268: 121082
Ikumi T, Segura I. Numerical assessment of external sulfate attack in concrete structures: A review. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 121: 91–105
Zhang C L, Chen W K, Mu S, Šavija B, Liu Q F. Numerical investigation of external sulfate attack and its effect on chloride binding and diffusion in concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 285: 122806
Shen X H, Liu Q F, Hu Z, Jiang W Q, Lin X S, Hou D H, Hao P. Combine ingress of chloride and carbonation in marine-exposed concrete under unsaturated environment: a numerical study. Ocean Engineering, 2019, 189: 106350
de Weerdt K, Orsáková D, Geiker M R. The impact of sulphate and magnesium on chloride binding in Portland cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 2014, 65: 30–40
Xie N, Dang Y, Shi X. New insights into how MgCl2 deteriorates Portland cement concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 120: 244–255
Damrongwiriyanupap N, Li L Y, Xi Y P. Coupled diffusion of chloride and other ions in saturated concrete. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2011, 5(3): 267–277
Hekal E E, Kishar E, Mostafa H. Magnesium sulfate attack on hardened blended cement pastes under different circumstances. Cement and Concrete Research, 2002, 32(9): 1421–1427
de Weerdt K, Justnes H. The effect of sea water on the phase assemblage of hydrated cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2015, 55: 215–222
Maes M, Mittermayr F, de Belie N. The influence of sodium and magnesium sulphate on the penetration of chlorides in mortar. Materials and Structures, 2017, 50(2): 1–14
Al-Amoudi O S B, Maslehuddin M, Abdul-Al Y A B. Role of chloride ions on expansion and strength reduction in plain and blended cements in sulfate environments. Construction & Building Materials, 1995, 9(1): 25–33
Chiker T, Aggoun S, Houari H, Siddique R. Sodium sulfate and alternative combined sulfate/chloride action on ordinary and self-consolidating PLC-based concretes. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 106: 342–348
Chen F, Gao J, Qi B, Shen D, Li L. Degradation progress of concrete subject to combined sulfate-chloride attack under drying-wetting cycles and flexural loading. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 151: 164–171
Yu H F, Tan Y S, Yang L M. Microstructural evolution of concrete under the attack of chemical, salt crystallization, and bending stress. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2017, 29(7): 04017041
Maes M, de Belie N. Influence of chlorides on magnesium sulphate attack for mortars with Portland cement and slag based binders. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 155: 630–642
Geng J, Easterbrook D, Li L Y, Mo L W. The stability of bound chlorides in cement paste with sulfate attack. Cement and Concrete Research, 2015, 68: 211–222
Sotiriadis K, Nikolopoulou E, Tsivilis S. Sulfate resistance of limestone cement concrete exposed to combined chloride and sulfate environment at low temperature. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2012, 34(8): 903–910
Brown P W, Badger S. The distributions of bound sulfates and chlorides in concrete subjected to mixed NaCl, MgSO4, Na2SO4 attack. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30(10): 1535–1542
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11832013 and 11772164), the project of Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education (No. cj202004), and the Natural Science Foundation Project of Ningbo (No. 202003N4319), the Research and Innovation Team Funded Project of Zhejiang Business Technology Institute (No. KYTD202106), the Marine Biotechnology and Marine Engineering Discipline Group in Ningbo University, and K.C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University. The authors thank Professor Weidong Zhou of Zhenjiang Zhuanbo Detection Technology Co., Ltd. for his help in the SEM detection.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yao, J., Chen, J. Sensitivity analysis of the deterioration of concrete strength in marine environment to multiple corrosive ions. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 16, 175–190 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0791-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0791-z