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First record of sulfate-driven anaerobic methane oxidation and associated dolomite precipitation in Kachchh Basin, western India

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Abstract

The present study investigates the processes responsible for Middle Eocene dolomite occurrences in Kachchh Basin in the western Indian Continental Shelf. Three types of dolomites are identified. They exhibit euhedral to subhedral crystal boundaries and a core of calcite or amorphous organic matter. Non-stoichiometric dolomite is the major component, while calcite, pyrite, glauconite, palygorskite, chlorite and quartz are minor constituents. The presence of algal micritization, oxidized organic matter, framboidal pyrites and filamentous- to net-like microbial covering around dolomites suggests an organogenic origin. The studied dolomite sustained marine–phreatic, meteoric–phreatic and meteoric–vadose diagenesis. The marine–phreatic diagenesis is evidenced by algal micritization, pyritization, matrix-replacive early dolomitization and marine cementation; the meteoric–phreatic diagenesis by neomorphism or crystal coarsening, shell dissolution and pore-filling sparitic cement and the meteoric–vadose diagenesis by secondary porosity and permeability, partial filling of meteoric–vadose cements and ferruginization, reflecting regression of seawater. The δ18O (− 1 to 1.7‰ VPDB) values of the studied dolomites infer modified seawater as the diagenetic fluid for dolomitization. The δ18O-based diagenetic temperature varies between 18° and 32 °C. The diagenetic temperature, inhomogeneous texture and point to tangential contacts of allochems reflect a shallow burial origin. The extremely negative δ13C values (− 26 to − 39‰ VPDB) reflect mixing of normal marine carbon with a carbon reservoir strongly depleted in 13C, most likely oxidation of methane or biodegradation of crude oil. Methane would have been supplied through upward seepage of thermogenic methane from underlying hydrocarbon reservoir(s).

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source of Ca for secondary dolomite precipitation (T1) leaving mouldic pores outlined by dolomite crystals (MP). B Complete replacement of bivalve shell by dolomite in the presence of organic covering. Unzoned (T1) and zoned (T2) types of dolomites are present. C Replaced planktonic foraminifera enclosed in dispersed organic matter (DOM). The nucleation of very fine dolomite crystals associated with DOM and covering of medium-crystalline dolomites around DOM. D Fabric-destructive dolomitization with coarse dolomite crystals (T2) found associated with mouldic pores (MP). The presence of oxidized organic matter (OOM) and nearly circular patches of fine-crystalline dolomites (T1) seems to be replaced peloids and echinoid shells. E–G Fabric-destructive medium- to coarse-crystalline unimodal, planar-e and planar-s dolomites found originated from organic matter (OM). The cloudy cores and clear rims (cortical overgrowth) or limpid nature of dolomite crystals. The occurrence of pyrite crystals (red circle). H Inward growth of dolomite cements (T3) over T2 dolomites occupying channel porosity (CP) to a variable extent

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, for the infrastructural support. Director, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG) is thanked for laboratory facilities at WIHG. VKS thanks Dr. Pradeep Srivastava, Scientist-F of Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, for his permission to carry out petrography and isotope ratio mass spectrometry in the respective laboratories of the institute. Chairman, Central Instrumentation Facility, IIT-BHU is thanked for providing XRD and SEM facilities to VKS for the mineralogical and high-resolution morphological investigations of the collected dolomite samples. VKS is grateful to UGC, New Delhi, for the financial assistance in the form of D. S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellowship (Grant No. F.4-2/2006 (BSR)/ES/19-20/0015). The authors are thankful to the anonymous reviewers of the journal for suggesting the valuable modifications in the manuscript that improved the quality of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India

    V. K. Srivastava

  2. Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, B.H.U. Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India

    B. P. Singh

  3. Sedimentology Group, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, 248001, India

    Som Dutt & A. Aggarwal

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Srivastava, V.K., Singh, B.P., Dutt, S. et al. First record of sulfate-driven anaerobic methane oxidation and associated dolomite precipitation in Kachchh Basin, western India. Carbonates Evaporites 37, 12 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-022-00761-w

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