Abstract
While the vast majority of family caregivers struggle to find balance between different roles in their lives, young adult caregivers are faced with the atypical challenge of caring for family member while simultaneously accomplishing developmental tasks typical of this stage in life (e.g., establishing career, developing romantic relationships). This exploratory, qualitative study examined strategies used by young adults to adopt family caregiving roles. These strategies can be described as embracement, compromise, and integration. While each approach allowed for the young adult to facilitate their caregiving role, additional research is needed to understand how the strategy affects the emerging adult’s development.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Primary data for this study were collected by Drs. Pope and Baldwin. We have complied with guidance from our institutional review boards in this process.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
References
AARP. (2018). Younger adults stressed by long-term care demands. Retrieved from https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/life-balance/info-2018/young-adults-caregiving-stress.html
AARP & NAC. (2020). Caregiving in the U.S. Research Report. Retrieved from https://www.caregiving.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Full-Report-Caregiving-in-the-United-States-2020.pdf
Aazami, S., Shamsuddin, K., & Akmal, S. (2018). Assessment of work–family conflict among women of the sandwich generation. Journal of Adult Development, 25, 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-017-9276-7
Associated Press - NORC Center for Public Affairs Research (2018). Younger adults’ experiences and views on long-term care. Retrieved from https://apnorc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/APNORC_LTC_2018_brief.pdf
Barbour, R. S. (2013). Quality of data analysis. In U. Flick (Ed.), Sage handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 496–509). Sage.
Biddle, B. J. (1966). Recent developments in role theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 12, 67–92.
Bradley Bursack, C. (2021). A new generation of caregivers: Grandchildren taking care of grandparents. Aging Care. Retrieved from https://www.agingcare.com/articles/grandchildren-caring-for-their-grandparents-149490.htm
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017, September 20). Unpaid eldercare in the United States-2015–2016. Data from the American time survey. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/elcare.pdf
Campbell, C. L., McCoy, S., Hoffman, N., & O’Neil, P. (2014). Decreasing role strain for caregivers of veterans with dependence in performing activities of daily living. Health & Social Work, 39(1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlu006
Chapple, A. (1999). The use of telephone interviewing for qualitative research. Nurse Researcher, 6(3), 85–93.
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Conway, G., Jones, S., & Speakes-Lewis, A. (2010). Emotional strain among African American grandmothers raising their grandchildren. Journal of Women and Aging, 23(2), 113–128.
D’Amen, B., Socci, M., & Santini, S. (2021). Intergenerational caring: A systematic literature review on young and young adult caregivers of older people. BMC Geriatrics, 21(105), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01976-z
Dellmann-Jenkins, M., & Blankemeyer, M. (2009). Emerging and young adulthood and caregiving. In K. Shifren (Ed.), How caregiving affects development: Psychological implications for child, adolescent, and adult caregivers (pp. 93–117). American Psychological Association.
Dellmann-Jenkins, M., Blankmeyer, M., & Pinkard, O. (2000). Young adult children and grandchildren in primary caregiver roles to older relatives and their service needs. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 49(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00177.x
Dellmann-Jenkins, M., & Brittain, L. (2003). Young adults’ attitudes toward filial responsibility and actual assistance to elderly family members. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 22(2), 214–229.
Flinn, B. (2018, May). Millennials: The emerging generation of family caregivers. AARP. Retrieved from https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2018/05/millennial-family-caregivers.pdf
Frank, D. (2018, May 22). 1 in 4 family caregivers is a millennial. AARP. https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/homecare/info-2018/millennial-caregivers-balance-careers.html
Fruhauf, C. A., & Orel, N. A. (2008). Developmental issues of grandchildren who provide care to grandparents. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 67(3), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.67.3.b
Gibson, A., Holmes, S. D., Fields, N. L., & Richardson, V. E. (2019). Providing care for persons with dementia in rural communities: Informal caregivers’ perceptions of supports and services. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 62(6), 630–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2019.1636332
Goldblatt, H., Granot, M., & Zarbiv E. (2018). “Death lay Here on the sofa”: Reflections of young adults on their experience as caregivers of parents who died of cancer at home. Qualitative Health Research, 29(4), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318800676
Gordon, J. R., Prychno, R. A., Wilson-Genderson, M., Marcinkus Murphy, W., & Rose, M. (2011). Balancing caregiving and work: Role conflict and role strain dynamics. Journal of Family Studies, 33(5), 662–689.
Greene, J., Cohen, D., Siskowski, C., & Toyinbo, P. (2017). The relationship between family caregiving and the mental health of emerging young adult caregivers. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 44(4), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-016-9526-7
Hamill, S. B. (2012). Caring for grandparents with Alzheimer’s disease: Help from the “forgotten” generation. Journal of Family Issues, 33(9), 1195–1217.
Holt, A. (2010). Using the telephone for narrative interviewing: A research note. Qualitative Research, 10(1), 113–121.
Hoyt, M. A., Mazza, M. C., Ahmad, Z., Darabos, K., & Applebaum, A. J. (2021). Sleep quality in young adult informal caregivers: Understanding psychological and biological processes. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-019-09842-y
Jenkins, J. (2018, May 29). Millennials and caregiving? Yes, it’s a thing. AARP. Retrieved from https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/home-care/info-2018/millennial-caregivers-work-life.html
Kang, S.-Y. (2006). Predictors of emotional strain among spouse and adult child caregivers. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 47(1–2), 107–131. https://doi.org/10.1300/J083v47n01_08
Kang, S.-Y. (2021). Financial strain among unpaid family caregivers of frail elders in community. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(5), 582–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1799900
Koumoutzis, A., Cichy, K. E., Dellman-Jenkins, M., & Blankemeyer, M. (2021). Age differences and similarities in associated stressors and outcomes among young, midlife, and older adult family caregivers. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 94(4), 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415020905265
Lackey, N. R., & Gates, M. F. (2001). Adults’ recollections of their experiences as young caregivers of family members with chronic physical illnesses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(3), 320–328.
Lai, D. W. L. (2012). Effect of financial costs of caregiving burden of family caregivers of older adults. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F2158244012470467
Levine, C., Gibson Hunt, G., Helper, D., Hart, A. Y., Lautz, J., & Gould, D. A. (2005). Young adult caregivers: A first look at an unstudied population. American Journal of Public Health, 95(11), 2071–2075.
Li, L., & Lee, Y. (2020). Employment adjustment and mental health of employed family caregivers in Canada. Aging & Mental Health, 24(12), 2073–2081. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1647136
Matthews, S. H. (1985). The burdens of parent care: A critical evaluation of recent findings. Journal of Aging Studies, 2, 157–165.
McLaughlin, J. K., Greenfield, J. C., Hasche, L., & De Fries, C. (2019). Young adult caregivers strain and benefits. Social Work Research, 43(4), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svz019
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Josey-Bass.
National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2009). Caregiving in the US: Executive summary. Washington, DC: National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. Retrieved from http://www.caregiving.org/
National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP Public Policy Institute. (2015). Caregiving in the US Washington, DC: National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. Retrieved from http://www.caregiving.org/caregiving2015/
Padgett, D. (2008). Qualitative methods in social work research (2nd ed.). Sage.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). Sage.
Pharr, J. R., Francis, C. D., Terry, C., & Clark, M. C. (2014). Culture, caregiving, and health: Exploring the influence of culture on family caregiver experiences. ISRN Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/689826
Pinquart, M., & Sörenson, S. (2003). Associations of stressors and uplifts of caregiving with caregiver burden and depressive mood: A meta-analysis. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(2), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.2.p112
Pope, N. D., Baldwin, P. K., & Lee, J. (2018). “I didn’t expect to learn as much as I did”: Rewards of caregiving in young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development., 25(3), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-9284-2
Pressler, S. J., Gradus-Pizlo, I., Chubinski, S. D., Smith, G., Wheeler, S., Sloan, R., & Jung, M. (2013). Family caregivers of patients with heart failure: A longitudinal study. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 28(5), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e3182563877
Reinhard, S. C., Levine, C., & Samis, S. (2012). Home alone: Family caregivers providing complex chronic care. United Hospital Fund and AARP Public Policy Institute.
Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1996). Adult development and aging. Harper Collins.
Schulz, R., Beach, S. R., Cook, T. B., Martire, L. M., Tomlinson, J. M., & Monin, J. K. (2012). Predictors and consequences of perceived lack of choice in becoming an informal caregiver. Aging & Mental Health, 16(6), 712–721.
Shifren, K., & Chong, A. (2012). Health-related behaviors: A study among former young caregivers. Journal of Adult Development, 19, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804011-9140-0
Shifren, K., & Kachorek, L. V. (2003). Does early caregiving matter? The effects on young caregivers’ adult mental health. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250244000371
Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2018). Social media use in 2018. Pew Research Center.
Stelle, C., Fruhauf, C. A., Orel, N., & Landry-Meyer, L. (2010). Grandparenting in the 21st century: Issues of diversity in grandparent-grandchild relationships. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53(8), 682–701.
Sturges, J. E., & Hanrahan, K. J. (2004). Comparing telephone and face-to-face qualitative interviewing: A research note. Qualitative Research, 4(1), 107–118.
Sweet, L. (2002). Telephone interviewing: Is it compatible with interpretive phenomenological research? Contemporary Nursing, 12(1), 58–63.
Tsai, P., Yip, P., Tai, J., & Lou, M. (2015). Needs of family caregivers of stroke patients: A longitudinal study of caregivers’ perspectives. Patient Preference and Adherence, 9, 449–457.
Vespa, J. (2018, March 13). The U.S. joins other countries with large aging populations. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2018/03/graying-america.html
Villanti, A. C., Johnson, A. L., Ilakkuvan, V., Jacobs, M. A., Graham, A. L., & Rath, J. M. (2017b). Social media use and access to digital technology in US young adults in 2016. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(6), e196.
Warner, E. L., Kirchhoff, A. C., Ellington, L., et al. (2020). Young adult cancer caregivers’ use of social media for social support. Psycho-Oncology, 29, 1185–1192. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5402
Wolff, J., & Kasper, J. D. (2006). Caregivers of frail elders: Updating a national profile. The Gerontologist, 46(3), 344–356.
Yu, D. S. F., Cheng, S., & Wang, J. (2018). Unravelling positive aspects of caregiving in dementia: An integrative review of research literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 79, 1–26.
Funding
Kirsten Smith was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH NIDA during the preparation of this manuscript. Natalie Pope received partial funding support from the University of Kentucky to conduct this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
NDP and PKB were co-researchers on the study and both participated in data collection and analysis. KS and AG both contributed to drafting this particular paper from the study and situating our study in extant literature. All four authors contributed to and were involved in the final approval of this manuscript to be submitted.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
We have no conflict of interest to disclose.
Ethical Approval
Drs. Pope and Baldwin received approval from the institutional review boards at their respective universities to complete this study.
Consent to Participate
A written consent form was used in that participants were informed about study procedures, how data would be used, the voluntary nature of their participation, etc. ahead of data being collected. Participants signed the consent form digitally (or in paper form) and send the consent form back to researchers before telephone interviews were scheduled.
Consent to Publication
All authors (Drs. Pope, Baldwin, Gibson and Smith) have given their consent for this manuscript to be submitted and potentially published in the Journal of Adult Development.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pope, N.D., Baldwin, P.K., Gibson, A. et al. Becoming a Caregiver: Experiences of Young Adults Moving into Family Caregiving Roles. J Adult Dev 29, 147–158 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-021-09391-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-021-09391-3